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A Comprehensive Hand Book on RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS As per NCISM & RGUHS syllabus for MD/MS [Ayurveda]
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: It my immune’s pleasures to bring out a comprehensive text book on Research methodology and biostatistics for post-graduation of Ayurveda according to NCISM Syllabus. Research methodology is one of the challenge topic in post-graduation studies. The salient features of this text book provide 10 chapters from introduction to research, research process, Ayurvedic research techniques, Research in manuscripts, drug research and instrumentation, selection of appropriate study design in clinical research, Pharmacovigilance, scientific writing and biostatistics. 1. This book emphasising on identification and prioritization areas in Ayurveda where research is Need, Interest, Concern, Expectation is there. Understanding the thirst areas in Ayurveda according to that selection of topic guidelines has been given. 2. This book gives comprehensive, clear and concise overview of application of Ayurveda research tools in selection of topic, writing thesis and in clinical research and systematic documentation etc, along with that it will provide step by step guideline to conduct research in manuscripts and its publication 3. The uniqueness of this text book is Drug Research, how to do standardization of drug as per API and their Instrumentation, selection of appropriate laboratory instruments their principal, and application in ASU Drug testing has been Clearly spelled out. 4. This book clearly addressing the selection of appropriate selection of study design in clinical research as per the research question has been clearly, concise, explained. Like case report, case series, cross sectional study, case control study, cohort study, Randomised controlled trail, systematic review, Meta analysis has explained in detail, and appropriate selection statistical test has been mentioned. Publication skills has been explained 9 heading and 40 points for publication. 5. This book has been illustrated in simple language with table’s, figures, chats etc, for all the readers this book is concise summary on research techniques and their instrumentation uses in research.
Ayurveda Biology Question Bank UGC NTA NET Assistant Professors
Author: Mocktime Publication
language: en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date: 101-01-01
Chpater 1. Vedic origin & chronological development of ?yurveda, ?yurveda and various schools, understanding and relevance of a????ga ?yurveda. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 2. Basic Texts and commentaries of ?yurveda, contribution of commentators to ?yurveda. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 3. Introduction to b?hattray? and its importance, Introduction to laghutray? and its importance. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 4. Basic understanding of nigha??u and ko?a of ?yurveda, contribution of contemporary publications in ?yurveda, Government initiatives for development of ?yurveda. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 5. ?yu - lak?a?a, pary?ya, paribh??? and pram??a; Definitions of ?ar?ra, jñ?nendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, aha?k?ra, ?tm?. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 6. lokapuru?a s?mya siddh?nta, ekadh?tu puru?a, ?a?dh?tuja puru?a, caturvi??ati tatv?tmaka puru?a and their relevance; Definitions of Ayurveda – hit?yu - ahit?yu, sukh?yu - dukh?yu, tris?tra ?yurveda - hetuli?ga- au?adha-jñ?na svastha ?tura. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 7. sv?sthya lak?a?a - Dimensions of Health Corresponding to nature, prak?ti, ?tucary?, dinacary?, svasthav?tta; pa?camah?bh?ta – ?k??a-v?yu-agni-jala-p?thv? and their specific properties. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 8. Theories of s?m?nya and vi?e?a; pad?rtha – theories of dravya-gu?a-karma-s?m?nya-vi?e?a-samav?ya; do?a – ?ar?rika and m?nasika; Introduction to dh?tu, mala, agni and srotas. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 9. Introduction to ?ar?ra racan? kriy?; garbha?ar?ra (fetal development) - ?ukra, ?rtava, garbh?dh?na, garbha and m?s?num?sika garbha. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 10. Introduction to ?ar?ra pram??a, sa?khy? ?ar?ra, a?ga-pratya?ga-ko??h??ga and ??aya; Introduction to deha prak?ti and m?nasa prak?ti. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 11. Introduction to do?a, sapta dh?tu and mala vijñ?na; Definition and types of - asthi, sandhi, sn?yu, pe??, parva and ka??ar?. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 12. Definition, types and numbers of srotas, dhaman?, ?ir? and n???; ojas and its importance; Definition of agni and types – ja?har?gni, dh?tv?gni and bh?t?gni; marma - Definition and types. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 13. pad?rtha – Definition and types - saptapad?rtha; Definition and types of pram?, prameya, pram?t?, pram??a and pram??a catu??aya. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 14. pram??a - Definition and types - ?ptopade?a, pratyak?a, anum?na and yukti pram??a; Origin of dravya, Definition and types - k?ra?a and k?rya dravya. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 15. au?adha and ?h?ra dravya, ?yu?ya – an?yu?ya dravya; Basic concept of rasa pañcaka; dravya - n?ma-r?pa-gu?a-karma-yoga-prayoga-sa?yoga vijñ?na. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 16. Basic concept, classification, and application gu?a, v?rya and vip?ka; Basic concept of karma and its classification; dravya in accordance with karma and its uses in health and disease. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 17. Rasa Shastra and bhai?ajya Kalpana: Origin and Development of rasa ??stra and bhai?ajya kalpan?; rasa - Definition, Types of rasa ?odhana prak?ra and sa?sk?ra; uparasa s?dh?ra?a rasa, ratna, and uparatna, – Definition; Types of ?odhana and m?ra?a. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 18. Principles of au?adha nirm??a, j?ra?a, m?ra?a, satvap?tana, nirv?pa and ?v?pa; Basic concept of bhai?ajya kalpan?; rasa??l? - Conventional and Contemporary aspects, Good Collection Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 19. Basic Pharmaceutical dosage forms and Secondary dosage forms of ?yurveda; Definition of pu?a, its types and use in various pharmaceutical forms; au?adha sevana k?la and au?adha sevana m?rga. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 20. Pharmacopeia: ?yurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) - Introduction, development and importance; ?yurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) - Introduction, development and importance; Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 in relation to ASU Drugs and Standardization of ASU drugs; Extra-pharmacopoeial drugs (Anukta dravya) not finding place in Ayurvedic Classics; Knowledge of pharmaco-vigilance in ?yurveda and conventional system of medicine; Pharmacogenomics of active compounds of ?yurveda and multi-omics approach. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 21. Disease Biology: Definition of disease, Etiology and Pathology; Congenital and Acquired diseases; Communicable and Non-communicable diseases; Genetic and Epigenetic factors in health and diseases; Autoimmune diseases and Lifestyle disorders; Deficiency and Metabolic diseases; Psychological disorders; Benign tumors and various types of cancers. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 22. Microbiology: Historical perspectives of Microbiology, Immunization, Epidemics and Pandemics; Antimicrobial resistance, Immune response by microorganisms, Sterilization and disinfection; Microbial Diversity and Physiology; Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and Microbiome. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 23. Microorganisms isolation and characterization, culture media; Environmental microflora, Bio-remediation, Dairy microbiology, Indicator organisms and tests and water borne diseases; Genetic Recombination, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 24. Immunology: Role of RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma proteins in immune mechanisms; Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen recognition by T cell and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation and MHC/HLA complex; Antigen antibody reactions, Innate immune cells, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) and Complement system; Natural and Acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity and toxicity and cytokines; Immunopathology and autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and allergy, Immunomodulators; Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell isolation, flow cytometry and Immunotherapy; History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, Virus- Like Particles, adjuvants and their role in vaccine. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 25. Genetics and Ayurgenomics: Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Historical Perspectives of Genetics; Human genome and its evolution; Exploring genotype to phenotype correlation, Multi-OMIC and its correlation with do?aprak?ti and medicinal plants. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 26. Basics of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its role in health, diseases and adaptation including drug response; Population genomics, Disease genomics, Pharmaco-genomics, Nutrigenomics, and scientific approaches and initiatives towards discovery of biomarkers; Approach, limitation and challenges in discovery, development and delivery of P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory and Promotive) medicinal aspects of ?yurveda. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 27. Cell and Molecular Biology: Plant and animal cells - Structure and Function; Early evidences and Experiments of DNA as the genetic material, Chemistry of Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Chargaff’s rule; Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA; types of RNAs, Concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotic genes, C-value paradox, Triplexes, quadruplexes and aptamers. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 28. DNA replication-conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive models, DNA replicative enzymes and mechanisms of DNA replication; Types of gene mutations - base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor and lethal mutations; DNA damage and repair mechanisms; Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic gene, structure and functions of RNA polymerase and its subunits; Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression and regulation in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, Post-transcriptional modifications and Operon concept; Basic concepts of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 29. Physiology: Fundamentals of human physiology and cellular function; Digestive System – Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism; Respiratory and Circulatory Systems – Breathing and exchange of gases, Body fluids and circulation; Nervous Systems – Central and Autonomic nervous system, Neurophysiology and Cerebrospinal fluids. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 30. Excretory and Endocrine Systems – Excretory products and their elimination from the body, acid-base regulation, Endocrine glands and Hormonal functions; Reproductive System – Human reproductive physiology and Embryonic development; Voluntary and Involuntary movements and their coordination. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 31. Biochemistry: Concept of atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry and their importance in biological systems; Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders associated with lipid metabolism, Lipidomics; Chemistry and metabolism of Proteins and Amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins, Mechanisms and specificity of Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors, Disorders associated with protein and amino acid metabolism, proteomics; Heme synthesis and disorders; Structure, function and metabolisms of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 32. Nanotechnology: Physical properties and types of the nanoparticles, Nanoparticles of various basic pharmaceutical forms of ?yurveda and Green nanotechnology; Synthesis of nanomaterials using different methods, Molecular basis of biosynthesis of nanomaterials, assessment of plant, animal and mineral-based drugs for nanomaterials; Characterizations of nanoparticles - transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fluroscence microscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV – visible absorption; photoluminescence; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS); Nanomaterials in bio-sensors and other applications and Interaction of nanomaterials; Molecular basis of nano-formulations. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 33. Biodiversity and Environmental Health: Biodiversity of Medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of environmental health, Pathways for synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites and their uses; Pharmacological properties of secondary and active metabolites of medicinal plants used in ?yurveda; Concept of ecosystem, structure, function and types of ecosystem, energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web and ecological succession. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 34. Biodiversity and its conservation, Levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hot spots, India as a megabiodiversity nation; Renewable and non-renewable biological resources and their importance in longevity of life; Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its impact on indigenous knowledge. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 35. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Concept, meaning and types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, nature, philosophy and importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP) and legal framework of IPR; Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bioprospecting, benefits to national economy, conservation of environment, protection of livelihood of TK stake- holders, TKS and innovation in Indian medicine system; Introduction to the Indian patent office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations – Patents Act of India (1970); Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001) and Geographical Indication Act 1999 etc. with respect to TKS; The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) through World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO); WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); FAO; Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 36. Entrepreneurship: Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial traits, and Entrepreneur versus Manager, Entrepreneurial decision processes, Ethical, Legal and Socio-cultural responsibilities; Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in relation to food and drugs of Ayurveda for wellness; Innovations and new ideas in ?yurveda R&D, Product planning, development and troubleshooting, Types of ?yurveda industries and manufacturing, and Competitive dynamics between the sub-industries; Entrepreneurship development programs of public and private agencies (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), Challenges in ?yurveda industry and decision-making, Patenting and Commercialization strategies; Laboratory to market - strategies and processes of negotiation with financiers, government and regulatory authorities, Pricing strategy, challenges in marketing in ?yurveda business, Distribution channels, supply chain, Analysis and management of customer needs; Business preparation including statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility study, Financial management in capital procurement and cost management, Collaborations and partnership. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 37. Research Methodology: Research Methodologies and Bioethics in ?yurveda; Fundamental principles-based research in ?yurveda; Food and drug-based research in Ayurveda; Pre-clinical and Clinical trials - types, protocol designing and data management in accordance with the principles of ?yurveda. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 38. Various extraction methods of plant materials, Concept of polarity for extraction and Solvents used for the extraction; Purification of bioactive compounds through various chromatographic methods; Identification of Functional Groups in Phytochemicals. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 39. Biostatistics: Average, Mean, Mode, Median; Descriptive statistics, Various Statistical tests of significance and Analysis of variance; Power and sample size calculation and Basic Principles of Statistical Inference; Correlation analysis, Regression analysis and Survival analysis; Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics; Types of data and its classification, multi-dimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment to data, matrices, eigen values and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition; Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology) Chpater 40. Ayurveda-informatics: Chronological Development of ?yurvedic drug manufacturing industries; Government policies and initiatives for the development of ?yurveda as traditional System of Medicine of India for the wellbeing of the world; Ordinance, Rules and Regulations in the manufacturing of quality, safety and efficacy of ?yurvedic drugs for the consumers; Review of important modern works on classical medicinal plants published by Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Govt of India; Important organizations of Ayurveda – National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in ?yurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), ?yurvedic Pharmacopeia commission, National Medicinal Plants Board and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), etc; Research publication portals in ?yurveda and contemporary medical science - DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Centre and Research Management Informatic System; Use of modern technology to confirm the various fundamental principles, drug research and development for communicable and non-communicable diseases; Health informatics in ?yurveda in present global scenario. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Ayurveda Biology)
Research Methodology For Unani Post Graduate Students: According To New NCISM Guidelines
Book is written for post graduate students and researcher as per new curriculum of NCISM with seperate modules according to syllabus and updated guidelines. A unique feature of the book is that different examples and figures have been used to clear the concept.