Commerce Question Bank Ugc Nta Net Assistant Professors
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Commerce Question Bank UGC NTA NET Assistant Professors
Author: Mocktime Publication
language: en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date: 101-01-01
Chpater 1. Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic (systems, policies - Monetary/fiscal), Political (role of government), Legal (Consumer Protection Act, FEMA), Socio-cultural factors, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 2. International business: Scope, importance, Globalization (drivers), Modes of entry; Theories of international trade, Government intervention, Tariff/non-tariff barriers, India’s foreign trade policy. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 3. Foreign direct investment (FDI) & Foreign portfolio investment (FPI): Types, Costs/benefits (home/host countries), Trends, India’s FDI policy; Balance of payments (BOP): Importance, components. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 4. Regional Economic Integration (Levels, Trade creation/diversion effects, Agreements: EU, ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA); International Economic institutions (IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD); WTO (Functions, objectives, Agriculture Agreement, GATS, TRIPS, TRIMS). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 5. Basic accounting principles, concepts, postulates; Partnership Accounts (Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution, Insolvency). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 6. Corporate Accounting (Issue, forfeiture, reissue of shares; Liquidation; Acquisition, merger, amalgamation, reconstruction); Holding company accounts. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 7. Cost & Management Accounting: Marginal costing & Break-even; Standard costing; Budgetary control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Decision-making costing; Life cycle, Target, Kaizen costing, JIT. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 8. Financial Statements Analysis (Ratio, Funds flow, Cash flow); Human Resources, Inflation, Environmental Accounting; Indian Accounting Standards & IFRS; Auditing (Independent financial audit, Vouching, Verification/valuation, Audit report, Cost audit); Recent Auditing Trends (Management, Energy, Environment, Systems, Safety). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 9. Business economics: Meaning, scope; Objectives of business firms; Demand analysis (Law, Elasticity & measurement, AR/MR relationship). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 10. Consumer behavior (Utility analysis, Indifference curve analysis); Law of Variable Proportions; Law of Returns to Scale. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 11. Theory of cost (Short-run & long-run cost curves); Price determination: Perfect competition, Monopolistic competition. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 12. Price determination: Oligopoly (Price leadership), Monopoly, Price discrimination; Pricing strategies (Skimming, Penetration, Peak load). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 13. Finance: Scope, sources; Lease financing; Cost of capital; Time value of money; Capital structure. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 14. Capital budgeting decisions: Conventional & scientific techniques of analysis; Working capital management. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 15. Dividend decision: Theories, policies; Risk & return analysis; Asset securitization. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 16. International monetary system; Foreign exchange market, Exchange rate risk & hedging; International financial markets/instruments (Euro currency, GDRs, ADRs); International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 17. Measures: Central tendency, Dispersion, Skewness; Correlation & regression (two variables). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 18. Probability (Approaches, Bayes’ theorem); Probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Normal). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 19. Research: Concept, types, designs; Data: Collection, classification; Sampling & estimation (Concepts, Methods - probability/non-probability, Sampling distribution, Central limit theorem, Standard error, Statistical estimation). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 20. Hypothesis testing (z-test, t-test, ANOVA, Chi–square, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, Rank correlation); Report writing. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 21. Management: Principles, functions; Organization structure (Formal/informal, Span of control); Responsibility & authority (Delegation, decentralization). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 22. Motivation & leadership (Concept, theories); Corporate governance & business ethics. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 23. HRM: Concept, role, functions; HR planning; Recruitment & selection; Training & development; Succession planning; Compensation management (Job evaluation, Incentives, fringe benefits). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 24. Performance appraisal (incl. 360 degree); Collective bargaining & workers’ participation; Personality, Perception, Attitudes, Emotions; Group dynamics, Power & politics; Conflict & negotiation; Stress management; Organizational Culture, Development & Change. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 25. Indian financial system overview; Types of banks (Commercial, RRBs, Foreign, Cooperative); RBI (Functions, Role, monetary policy management). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 26. Banking sector reforms in India (Basel norms, Risk management, NPA management); Financial markets (Money, Capital, Government securities). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 27. Financial Institutions (DFIs, NBFCs, Mutual Funds, Pension Funds); Financial Regulators in India; Financial sector reforms (incl. financial inclusion). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 28. Digitisation of banking & financial services (Internet/mobile banking, Digital payments); Insurance (Types: Life/Non-life, Risk classification/management, Insurability limits, Re-insurance, IRDA & role). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 29. Marketing: Concept, approaches, channels, mix; Strategic marketing planning; Market segmentation, targeting, positioning. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 30. Product decisions (Concept, line, mix, life cycle, new product development); Pricing decisions (Factors, policies, strategies). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 31. Promotion decisions (Role, methods: Advertising, Personal selling, Publicity, Sales promotion tools/techniques, Promotion mix); Distribution decisions (Channels, management). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 32. Consumer Behaviour (Process, influencing factors); Service marketing; Trends (Social, Online, Green, Direct, Rural marketing, CRM); Logistics management. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 33. Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Valid contract elements, Capacity, Free consent, Discharge, Breach & remedies, Quasi contracts); Special contracts (Indemnity/guarantee, Bailment/pledge, Agency). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 34. Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (Sale/agreement to sell, Caveat Emptor, Rights of unpaid seller/buyer); Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (Types, Negotiation/assignment, Dishonour/discharge). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 35. Companies Act, 2013 (Nature/kinds of companies, Formation, Management, meetings, winding up); Limited Liability Partnership (Structure, formation procedure). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 36. Competition Act, 2002 (Objectives, provisions); IT Act, 2000 (Objectives, provisions, Cyber crimes/penalties); RTI Act, 2005 (Objectives, provisions); IPRs (Patents, trademarks, copyrights, Emerging issues); GST (Objectives, provisions, Benefits, Implementation, Dual GST). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 37. Income-tax: Basic concepts, Residential status & tax incidence, Exempted incomes, Agricultural income. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 38. Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions from Gross total income; Assessment of Individuals; Clubbing of incomes. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 39. International Taxation: Double taxation & its avoidance mechanism; Transfer pricing. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce) Chpater 40. Corporate Tax Planning: Concepts, significance; Tax avoidance vs. tax evasion; Techniques; Tax considerations in specific business situations (Make/buy, Own/lease, Retain/Renew/Replace asset, Shut down/continue); Deduction/collection of tax at source; Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Commerce)
Sociology Question Bank UGC NTA NET Assistant Professors
Author: Mocktime Publication
language: en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date: 101-01-01
Chpater 1. Exploring Classical Sociological Traditions with Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 2. Understanding Structure-Functionalism, featuring Bronislaw Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, and Structuralism with Claude Levi Strauss. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 3. Delving into Hermeneutic and Interpretative Traditions including G.H. Mead, Karl Manheim, Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Erving Goffman, and Clifford Geertz. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 4. Analyzing Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism (Edward Said, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens, Manuel Castells) alongside contributions of Indian Thinkers: M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, G. S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Irawati Karve. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 5. Conceptualizing Social Reality: Philosophy of Science, Scientific Method and Epistemology in Social Science, Hermeneutic Traditions, Objectivity and Reflexivity in Social Science, incorporating Ethics and Politics. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 6. Formulating Research Design: Reading Social Science Research, Data and Documents, understanding Induction and Deduction, Fact, Concept and Theory, and defining Hypotheses, Research Questions, Objectives. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 7. Employing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods: Ethnography, Survey Method, Historical Method, and Comparative Method. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 8. Mastering Techniques: Sampling, Questionnaire and Schedule, Statistical Analysis, Observation, Interview and Case study, including Interpretation, Data Analysis and Report Writing. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 9. Understanding Sociological Concepts: Social Structure, Culture, Network, Status and Role, Identity, Community, Diaspora, Values, Norms and Rules, Personhood, Habitus and Agency, Bureaucracy, Power and Authority. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 10. Examining Social Institutions: Marriage, Family and Kinship, Economy, Polity, Religion, Education, Law and Customs. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 11. Analyzing Social Stratification: Social Difference, Hierarchy, Inequality and Marginalization, Caste and Class, Gender, Sexuality and Disability, Race, Tribe and Ethnicity. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 12. Studying Social Change and Processes: Evolution and Diffusion, Modernization and Development, Social Transformations and Globalization, Social Mobility. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 13. Rural and Peasant Society: Caste-Tribe Settlements, Agrarian Social Structure and Emergent Class Relations, Land Ownership and Agrarian Relations. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 14. Dynamics in Rural Society: Decline of Agrarian Economy, De-Peasantization and Migration, Agrarian Unrest and Peasant Movements, Changing Inter-Community Relations and Violence. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 15. Urban Society: Urbanism, Urbanity and Urbanization, Towns, Cities and Mega-Cities, Industry, Service and Business. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 16. Urban Social Fabric: Neighbourhood, Slums and Ethnic Enclaves, Middle Class and Gated Communities, Urban Movements and Violence. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 17. Political Processes in India: Tribe, Nation State and Border, Bureaucracy, Governance and Development, Public Policy concerning Health, Education and Livelihoods. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 18. Further Political Processes in India: Political Culture, Grass-root Democracy, Law and Society, Gender and Development, Corruption, and the Role of International Development Organizations. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 19. Social Movements and Protests: Political Factions, Pressure Groups, and Movements based on Caste, Ethnicity, Ideology, Gender, Disability, Religion and Region. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 20. Dynamics of Protest and Civil Action: Civil Society and Citizenship, NGOs, Activism and Leadership, Reservations and Politics. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 21. Fundamental Economic Concepts and Debates: Exchange, Gift, Capital, Labour and Market, alongside Mode of Production Debates, and Property and Property Relations. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 22. State, Market, and Development Models: State and Market dynamics including Welfarism and Neoliberalism, Models of Economic Development, and issues of Poverty and Exclusion. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 23. Labour, Industry and Social Relations: Factory and Industry Systems, the Changing Nature of Labour Relations, Gender and Labour Process, and the intersection of Business and Family. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 24. Modern and Global Economic Forms: Digital Economy, E-Commerce, Global Business and Corporates, Tourism, and patterns of Consumption. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 25. Ecology, Technology and Knowledge Systems: Social and Cultural Ecology including Diverse Forms, Technological Change, Agriculture and Biodiversity, Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Ethno-Medicine. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 26. Environment, Gender, and Social Exclusion: Gender and Environment, Forest Policies, Adivasis and Exclusion, Ecological Degradation and Migration, and Water and Social Exclusion. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 27. Development Impacts and Community Responses: Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation, Disasters and Community Responses, Environmental Pollution, Public Health and Disability. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 28. Global Environmental Challenges and Activism: Climate Change and International Policies, and Environmental Movements. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 29. Theoretical Approaches and Power Dynamics in Family Studies: Structure-Functionalist, Alliance and Cultural perspectives on Marriage and Kinship, Gender Relations and Power Dynamics, Inheritance, Succession and Authority. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 30. Life Course, Sexuality and Emotions within Families: Gender, Sexuality and Reproduction, experiences of Children, Youth and Elderly, and the role of Emotions and Family. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 31. Evolving Family Structures and Systems: Emergent Forms of Family, Changing Marriage Practices, Changing Care and Support Systems, and Family Laws. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 32. Familial Challenges and Social Issues: Domestic Violence and Crime against Women, and the issue of Honour Killing. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 33. Foundations of Technological Impact: History of Technological Development, Changing notions of Time and Space, Flows and Boundaries, and the concept of Virtual Community. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 34. Media, Governance, and Political Processes in the Digital Age: Media encompassing Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media, E-Governance and Surveillance Society, and Technology and Emerging Political Processes. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 35. Societal Implications of Technological Advancement: State Policy, Digital Divide and Inclusion, Technology and Changing Family Relations, and Technology and Changing Health Systems. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 36. Technology's Role in Sustenance and Security: The relationship between Food and Technology, and the challenge of Cyber Crime. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 37. Core Cultural Elements and Economic Dimensions: Signs and Symbols, Rituals, Beliefs and Practices, Changing Material Culture, and Moral Economy. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 38. Education, Religion, and Identity Formation: Education (Formal and Informal), Religious Organizations, Piety and Spirituality, Commodification of Rituals, Communalism and Secularism, Cultural Identity and Mobilization. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 39. Culture, Politics, Body and Aesthetics: Culture and Politics, Gender, Body and Culture, Art and Aesthetics, Ethics and Morality, and Sports and Culture. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology) Chpater 40. Intersections of Culture with Contemporary Life: Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism, Religion and Economy, Culture and Environment, and New Religious Movements. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Netsyllabus Sociology)
Law Question Bank UGC NTA NET Assistant Professors
Author: Mocktime Publication
language: en
Publisher: by Mocktime Publication
Release Date: 101-01-01
Chpater 1. Nature and sources of law, alongside schools of jurisprudence. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 2. Law and morality, encompassing the concept of rights and duties and legal personality. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 3. Concepts of property, ownership and possession, linked with the concept of liability. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 4. Law, poverty and development, considered with global justice, modernism and post-modernism. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 5. Preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 6. Union and State executive and their interrelationship, and Union and State legislature and distribution of legislative powers. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 7. The Judiciary, emergency provisions, temporary, transitional and special provisions in respect of certain states, and the Election Commission of India. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 8. Nature, scope and importance of administrative law, the principle of natural justice, and judicial review of administrative actions – Grounds. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 9. International law – Definition, nature and basis, and sources of International law. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 10. Recognition of states and governments; Nationality, immigrants, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs); Extradition and asylum. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 11. The United Nations and its organs, settlement of international disputes, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 12. International humanitarian law (IHL) - Conventions and protocols, and the implementation of IHL - Challenges. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 13. General principles of criminal liability – Actus reus and mens rea, individual and group liability and constructive liability, along with stages of crime and inchoate crimes - Abetment, criminal conspiracy and attempt. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 14. General exceptions to criminal liability, offences against human body, and offences against state and terrorism. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 15. Offences against property, offences against women and children, drug trafficking and counterfeiting, and offences against public tranquility. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 16. Theories and kinds of punishments, and compensation to the victims of crime. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 17. Nature and definition of tort, general principles of tortious liability, and general defenses. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 18. Specific torts – Negligence, nuisance, trespass and defamation; Remoteness of damages; Strict and absolute liability; and Tortious liability of the State. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 19. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 - Definitions, consumer rights and redressal mechanism. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 20. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - No fault liability, third party insurance and claims tribunal, and The Competition Act, 2002 - Prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 21. Essential elements of contract and e-contract; Breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements; Standard form of contract and quasi-contract. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 22. Specific contracts - Bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee and agency, and the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 23. Partnership and limited liability partnership, and the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 24. Company law – Incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares and debentures; Company law – Directors and meetings; and Corporate social responsibility. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 25. Sources and schools of family law; Marriage and dissolution of marriage; Matrimonial remedies - Divorce and theories of divorce; and Changing dimensions of institution of marriage – Live-in relationship. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 26. Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce, alongside maintenance, dower and stridhan. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 27. Adoption, guardianship and acknowledgement; Succession and inheritance; Will, gift and wakf. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 28. The Uniform Civil Code. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 29. Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’; International environmental law and UN Conferences; and the Constitutional and legal framework for protection of environment in India. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 30. Environmental Impact Assessment and control of hazardous waste in India, and the National Green Tribunal. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 31. Concept and development of human rights, universalism and cultural relativism, and the International Bill of Rights. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 32. Group rights – Women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections, and the protection and enforcement of human rights in India – National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Schedule Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 33. Concept and meaning of intellectual property, theories of intellectual property, and International conventions pertaining to intellectual properties. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 34. Copyright and neighboring rights – Subject matters, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies; Law of patent – Patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies; and Law of trademark – Registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off, remedies. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 35. Protection of Geographical Indications, and Bio-diversity and Traditional Knowledge. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 36. Information technology law- digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers, alongside Cyber crimes, penalties and adjudication. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 37. Comparative Law – Relevance, methodology, problems and concerns in Comparison, and forms of governments – Presidential and parliamentary, unitary and federal. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 38. Models of federalism – USA, Canada and India; Rule of Law – ‘Formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions; and Separation of powers – India, UK, USA and France. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 39. Independence of judiciary, judicial activism and accountability – India, UK and USA; Systems of constitutional review – India, USA, Switzerland and France; and Amendment of the Constitution – India, USA and South Africa. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law) Chpater 40. Ombudsman –Sweden, UK and India, and Open Government and Right to Information - USA, UK and India. (in context of UGC NTA NET Exam Subject Law)