Tools And Methods For Analysis Debugging And Performance Improvement Of Equation Based Models
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Tools and Methods for Analysis, Debugging, and Performance Improvement of Equation-Based Models
Author: Martin Sjölund
language: en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date: 2015-05-11
Equation-based object-oriented (EOO) modeling languages such as Modelica provide a convenient, declarative method for describing models of cyber-physical systems. Because of the ease of use of EOO languages, large and complex models can be built with limited effort. However, current state-of-the-art tools do not provide the user with enough information when errors appear or simulation results are wrong. It is of paramount importance that such tools should give the user enough information to correct errors or understand where the problems that lead to wrong simulation results are located. However, understanding the model translation process of an EOO compiler is a daunting task that not only requires knowledge of the numerical algorithms that the tool executes during simulation, but also the complex symbolic transformations being performed. As part of this work, methods have been developed and explored where the EOO tool, an enhanced Modelica compiler, records the transformations during the translation process in order to provide better diagnostics, explanations, and analysis. This information is used to generate better error-messages during translation. It is also used to provide better debugging for a simulation that produces unexpected results or where numerical methods fail. Meeting deadlines is particularly important for real-time applications. It is usually essential to identify possible bottlenecks and either simplify the model or give hints to the compiler that enable it to generate faster code. When profiling and measuring execution times of parts of the model the recorded information can also be used to find out why a particular system model executes slowly. Combined with debugging information, it is possible to find out why this system of equations is slow to solve, which helps understanding what can be done to simplify the model. A tool with a graphical user interface has been developed to make debugging and performance profiling easier. Both debugging and profiling have been combined into a single view so that performance metrics are mapped to equations, which are mapped to debugging information. The algorithmic part of Modelica was extended with meta-modeling constructs (MetaModelica) for language modeling. In this context a quite general approach to debugging and compilation from (extended) Modelica to C code was developed. That makes it possible to use the same executable format for simulation executables as for compiler bootstrapping when the compiler written in MetaModelica compiles itself. Finally, a method and tool prototype suitable for speeding up simulations has been developed. It works by partitioning the model at appropriate places and compiling a simulation executable for a suitable parallel platform.
Content Ontology Design Patterns: Qualities, Methods, and Tools
Author: Karl Hammar
language: en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date: 2017-09-06
Ontologies are formal knowledge models that describe concepts and relationships and enable data integration, information search, and reasoning. Ontology Design Patterns (ODPs) are reusable solutions intended to simplify ontology development and support the use of semantic technologies by ontology engineers. ODPs document and package good modelling practices for reuse, ideally enabling inexperienced ontologists to construct high-quality ontologies. Although ODPs are already used for development, there are still remaining challenges that have not been addressed in the literature. These research gaps include a lack of knowledge about (1) which ODP features are important for ontology engineering, (2) less experienced developers' preferences and barriers for employing ODP tooling, and (3) the suitability of the eXtreme Design (XD) ODP usage methodology in non-academic contexts. This dissertation aims to close these gaps by combining quantitative and qualitative methods, primarily based on five ontology engineering projects involving inexperienced ontologists. A series of ontology engineering workshops and surveys provided data about developer preferences regarding ODP features, ODP usage methodology, and ODP tooling needs. Other data sources are ontologies and ODPs published on the web, which have been studied in detail. To evaluate tooling improvements, experimental approaches provide data from comparison of new tools and techniques against established alternatives. The analysis of the gathered data resulted in a set of measurable quality indicators that cover aspects of ODP documentation, formal representation or axiomatisation, and usage by ontologists. These indicators highlight quality trade-offs: for instance, between ODP Learnability and Reusability, or between Functional Suitability and Performance Efficiency. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a need for ODP tools that support three novel property specialisation strategies, and highlight the preference of inexperienced developers for template-based ODP instantiation---neither of which are supported in prior tooling. The studies also resulted in improvements to ODP search engines based on ODP-specific attributes. Finally, the analysis shows that XD should include guidance for the developer roles and responsibilities in ontology engineering projects, suggestions on how to reuse existing ontology resources, and approaches for adapting XD to project-specific contexts.
Designing Human-Swarm Interaction Systems
Author: Oscar Bjurling
language: en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date: 2025-02-20
Swarms of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, or drones) are envisioned to transform various fields, from emergency response to law enforcement and military operations. Drone swarms provide scalable, adaptable, and decentralized solutions for dynamic work environments. However, the successful integration of these multi-agent systems into real-world settings presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of how humans can safely and effectively interact with and control these systems. Human-Swarm Interaction (HSI) aims to address these challenges by exploring how human operators can manage multiple drones in a cohesive manner, even under highly complex, uncertain conditions. This thesis studies the problem of designing effective interaction mechanisms and interfaces for human operators to command drone swarms, specifically addressing challenges such as managing a large number of drones, supporting operators’ situational awareness, and balancing between centralized and decentralized control. The research highlights the necessity of rethinking conventional approaches by introducing alternative conceptual models, such as the "choir" metaphor, which re-imagines drone swarms as coordinated, semi-centralized ensembles rather than purely emergent, decentralized collectives. This metaphor aims to balance the collective, often unpredictable behavior of drone swarms with the predictable, directed actions needed in operational environments. By demonstrating how this metaphor can be operationalized in an HSI system architecture, the thesis provides new avenues for conceptualizing human interaction with autonomous systems. Using a design research approach incorporating multiple-case study and scenario-based design activities to envision future swarm application in dialogue with prospective end users, the thesis develops and evaluates prototypes that embody these nuanced HSI concepts. The interface prototypes draw design inspiration from Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games. These elements include group commands, high-level mission planning, and resource pooling to create a hybrid interaction model that allows operators to maintain both a broad overview and precise control of multiple autonomous and collaborating drones. Domain expert evaluations of these prototypes in contexts such as firefighting and airport management validate the practical utility of these concepts. The findings emphasize the value of adopting a Human-Technology-Organization (HTO) perspective in the design of HSI systems. Rather than focusing solely on the interaction between humans and technology, this systems-thinking approach acknowledges that drone swarms must be integrated into larger organizational frameworks, such as emergency response command structures or airport ground operations teams. It demonstrates that successful deployment requires accounting for the broader organizational context, including roles, workflows, and coordination needs. This holistic approach to HSI system design ensures that drone swarms not only meet technical performance criteria, such as reliability, responsiveness, and scalability, but also align with human and organizational needs, facilitating their adoption and effective use in a wide range of real-world scenarios. Ultimately, these contributions are intended to bridge the gap between theoretical models of swarm control and practical deployment, advancing both the field of HSI and the broader adoption of drone swarm technologies. Svärmar av obemannade luftfarkoster (UAV, eller drönare) förväntas omvandla flera områden, exempelvis räddningsinsatser, brottsbekämpning, och militäroperationer. Drönarsvärmar innebar skalbara, anpassningsbara, och decentraliserade lösningar for dynamiska arbetsuppgifter. Den lyckade integreringen av dessa multi-agent-system i verkliga miljöer innebar dock betydande utmaningar, särskilt med avseende på hur människor säkert och effektivt interagerar med och kontrollerar dessa system. Forskningsfältet Människa-Svärm Interaktion (MSI) syftar till att möta dessa utmaningar genom att undersöka hur mänskliga operatorer kan hantera flera drönare på ett sammanhängande vis, även under komplexa och osäkra förhållanden. Denna avhandling utreder problemet att utforma effektiva och säkra interaktionsmekanismer och gränssnitt for mänskliga operatorer att leda drönarsvärmar, specifikt genom att adressera utmaningar som att hantera ett stort antal drönare, stödja operatorers situationsmedvetenhet, och balansera mellan centraliserad och decentraliserad kontroll. Avhandlingen betonar vikten av att ifrågasatta konventionella tillvägagångssätt genom att introducera alternativa konceptuella modeller, såsom "kör"-metaforen, som omtolkar drönarsvärmar som koordinerade, semicentraliserade ensembler snarare än rent decentraliserade kollektiv. Denna metafor syftar till att balansera det kollektiva, ofta oförutsägbara beteendet hos drönarsvärmar med de förutsägbara, riktade handlingar som behövs i operativa miljöer. Genom att visa hur denna metafor kan operationaliseras i en MSI-systemarkitektur, erbjuder avhandlingen nya sätt att konceptualisera mänsklig interaktion med autonoma system. Genom att tillämpa en designforskningsmetod som innefattar fallstudier och scenariobaserade designaktiviteter för att föreställa sig framtida svärmtillämpningar i dialog med potentiella slutanvändare, utvecklar och utvärderar avhandlingen prototyper som manifesterar dessa nyanserade MSI-koncept. Gränssnittens prototyper drar designinspiration från realtidsstrategispel (RTS). Dessa element inkluderar enhetshantering och kommandon på gruppnivå, strategisk uppdragsplanering, och resursdelning för att skapa en hybrid interaktionsmodell som gör det möjligt för operatörer att både bibehålla en bred lägesbild och utöva precis kontroll över flera autonoma och samverkande drönare. Domänexperters utvärderingar av dessa prototyper i arbetskontexter som brandbekämpning och flygplatsledning påvisar den praktiska användbarheten av dessa koncept. Resultaten betonar värdet av att anta ett Människa-Teknik-Organisation (MTO)-perspektiv vid utformningen av MSI-system. Snarare än att enbart fokusera på interaktionen mellan människor och teknik, erkänner detta systemtänkande tillvägagångssätt att drönarsvärmar måste integreras i större organisatoriska ramar, såsom ledningsstrukturer for räddningsinsatser eller markoperativa team på flygplatser. Det visar att framgångsrik implementering av drönarsvärmar kräver att systemutvecklare tar hänsyn till det bredare organisatoriska sammanhanget, inklusive roller, arbetsflöden, och samverkansbehov. Detta holistiska tillvägagångssatt för utformningen av MSI-system säkerställer att drönarsvärmar inte bara uppfyller tekniska prestandakriterier, såsom tillförlitlighet, responsivitet, och skalbarhet, utan också överensstämmer med mänskliga och organisatoriska behov, vilket underlättar deras införande och effektiv användning i en mängd olika tillämpningsscenarier. Över lag är dessa forskningsbidrag avsedda att överbrygga gapet mellan teoretiska modeller för svärmstyrning och praktisk implementering, och därmed avancera och främja både MSI-området och den bredare användningen av svärmteknologier.