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A History of the Spanish Language

Author: Ralph John Penny
language: en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date: 2002-10-21
Sample Text
Portuguese

Author: Sheila R. Ackerlind
language: en
Publisher: University of Texas Press
Release Date: 2012-04-05
An essential, comprehensive guide for all who are interested in learning the Portuguese language and mastering its complexities, Portuguese: A Reference Manual supplements the phonetic and grammatical explanations offered in basic textbooks. While the Manual focuses on Brazilian Portuguese, it incorporates European Portuguese variants and thus provides a more complete description of the language. Accessible to non-linguists and novice language learners, as well as informative for instructors of Portuguese and specialists in other languages, this guide incorporates the Orthographic Accord (in effect since 2009–2010), which attempts to standardize Portuguese orthography. The Manual reflects the language as it is currently taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels by providing detailed explanations of the sound and writing systems and the grammar of the principal Portuguese dialects. A reference guide rather than a textbook, the Manual also provides extensive verb charts, as well as comparisons of Portuguese with English and Spanish.
Complete Handbook of Spanish Verbs: A Classic Reference

Complete Handbook of Spanish Verbs: A Classic Reference is an invaluable reference for students, libraries, and anyone who communicates in Spanish. It provides • a quick and easy way to find the correct conjugation in all forms and tenses of the more than 4,500 Spanish verbs listed, verbs chosen as illustration of verbal changes and/or irregularities and for their frequency of usage, • the more than 5,500 irregular forms of those verbs identifying their infinitive, • a model for the full conjugation in all forms and tenses of every Spanish verb, including those not listed here, according to its category, • special charts to aid in understanding and mastering the Spanish verbal system. The book is organized in three parts. Section I: a list of more than 4,500 Spanish infinitives with one or more English equivalents and their more than 5,500 irregular forms to facilitate finding their infinitives. Each infinitive is followed by a reference number that indicates the chart giving its conjugation or that of the model verb whose pattern the infinitive follows. Sections II through X: a series of charts with • sample English translation possibilities for the various tenses and forms of Spanish verbs, • the formation, by stem and ending, of all regular verbal forms, • model verbs, each showing the full conjugation of the model verb and accompanied by a list, “Verbs of this Category,” with all the verbs in this book that follow that model. These include regular verbs, orthographic/spelling changing verbs, radical/stem changing verbs, verbs with accent shift, irregular verbs, and defective verbs. The table of contents provides, at a glance, a detailed outline of the various categories and subdivisions in these sections. Section XI: an alphabetical listing of the English translations given in the book for the Spanish infinitives found in the list at the beginning, in Section I. It must be noted that this is not intended to be a dictionary of English verbs. English verbs were not sought and then defined, rather the English equivalents given for the Spanish verbs were merely duplicated here, in alphabetical order in English.