Effect Of Sand Columns On The Load Response Of Soft Clays
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Effect of Sand Columns on the Load Response of Soft Clays
The insertion of stone columns in soft clays has been widely used to increase th e load carrying capacity of soft clays, reduce the settlement, and decrease the generation of excess pore water pressure during loading. The main objective of this experimental research work was to investigate the eff ect of sand columns on the undrained load response of soft clay, generation of e xcess pore water pressure, stiffness of reinforced clay, and effective shear str ength parameters. For this purpose, 31 consolidated undrained triaxial tests wer e performed on normally consolidated Kaolin specimens (height =14.2 cm and diame ter = 7.1 cm) that were prepared from slurry and were reinforced with frozen and encased sand columns and tested at confining pressures of 100, 150, and 200 kPa . The parameters that were varied were the diameter of the sand columns (2 cm an d 3 cm), the height of the columns (7.1 cm, 10.6 cm, and 14.2 cm), the type of t he columns (frozen and encased) and the confining pressures. The test results indicated that sand columns improved the undrained shear streng th significantly even for area replacement ratios (ratio of area of column to ar ea of specimen) that were less that 18%. The average improvements in the undrain ed shear strength due to the insertion of fully penetrating frozen sand columns were 17.4% and 72.8% for area ratios of 7.9% and 17.8%, respectively. Encasement of the columns increased the average improvement in the udrained shear strength by a factor of 2.5 and 1.3 for area ratios of 7.9% and 17.8%, respectively. The increase in undrained shear strength was accompanied by a decrease in pore wate r pressure generation during shear and an increase in stiffness. The increase in stiffness was improved by encasing the sand columns with a geotextile fabric. A lthough the undrained shear strength was generally improved by reinforcing clays with sand columns, the drained shear strength parameters were found to be relat ively unaffected by the reinforcement, except for fully penetrating frozen colum ns with high area ratios and fully penetrating encased columns at all area ratio s, where the drained shear strength was affected positively by the presence of t he columns.
Analytical Methods in Petroleum Upstream Applications
Effective measurement of the composition and properties of petroleum is essential for its exploration, production, and refining; however, new technologies and methodologies are not adequately documented in much of the current literature. Analytical Methods in Petroleum Upstream Applications explores advances in the analytical methods and instrumentation that allow more accurate determination of the components, classes of compounds, properties, and features of petroleum and its fractions. Recognized experts explore a host of topics, including: A petroleum molecular composition continuity model as a context for other analytical measurements A modern modular sampling system for use in the lab or the process area to collect and control samples for subsequent analysis The importance of oil-in-water measurements and monitoring The chemical and physical properties of heavy oils, their fractions, and products from their upgrading Analytical measurements using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications Asphaltene and heavy ends analysis Chemometrics and modeling approaches for understanding petroleum composition and properties to improve upstream, midstream, and downstream operations Due to the renaissance of gas and oil production in North America, interest has grown in analytical methods for a wide range of applications. The understanding provided in this text is designed to help chemists, geologists, and chemical and petroleum engineers make more accurate estimates of the crude value to specific refinery configurations, providing insight into optimum development and extraction schemes.
Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC 2024), Volume 1
This book presents select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2024 held at MIT, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. The book provides the collection of papers that were presented at the IGC 2024. The book covers topic related to geophysical investigation, shallow and deep foundation, geosynthetics, earth retaining structures, soil dynamics, ground improvement, physical and numerical modelling, tunnelling and underground structures, reliability in geotechnical engineering, geomaterial characterisation and so on. This book provides its readers an opportunity to enhance their research capacities and knowledge in the various fields of geotechnical engineering. This book is a valuable reference book for beginners, researchers, academician and professionals interested in geotechnical engineering covering the design and execution of foundations and other structures for variety of infrastructural projects.