Words In The English Language Useful Notes
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Words In the English Language: Useful Notes
This Book Covers the Following Topics: 01a. Words that are spelled differently In British and American English 01b. Words with two or more spellings [Usually used in British English only] 01c. Words with two or more spellings [Usually used in American English only] 01d. Words with two or more spellings [Usually used in both British and American English] 02a. Different Words for the same sense or meaning in British and American English 02b. Two or more Words for the same sense or meaning [Usually used in British English only] 02c. Two or more Words for the same sense or meaning [Usually used in American English only] 02d. Two or more Words for the same sense or meaning [Usually used in both British and American English] 03. Words that may be used in both small letters and Capital letters 4a. Verb + to-Infinitive 04b. Verb + Noun Phrase + to-Infinitive 05a. Verb + wh-clause 05b. Verb + Noun Phrase + wh-clause 06a. Verb + that-clause 06b. Verb + Noun Phrase + that-clause 07a. Verb + Direct Speech 07b. Verb + Noun Phrase + Direct Speech 08a. Verb + ‘-Ing Phrase’ 08b. Verb + Noun Phrase + ‘-Ing Phrase’ Sample This: 01a. Words that are spelled differently In British and American English Rule 1: ‘OUR’ in British English words usually changes to ‘OR’ in American English Words. British Spelling (Br) || American Spelling (Ame) ---- (Parts of Speech they belong to) 01. arbour (Br) || arbor (Ame) ---- [noun] 02. ardour (Br) || ardor (Ame) ---- [noun] 03. armour (Br) || armor (Ame) ---- [noun] 04. armoured (Br) || armored (Ame) ---- [adjective] 05. armourer (Br) || armorer (Ame) ---- [noun] 06. armoury (Br) || armory (Ame) ---- [noun] 07. behaviour (Br) || behavior (Ame) ---- [noun] 08. behaviourism (Br) || behaviorism (Ame) ---- [noun] 09. behaviourist (Br) || behaviorist (Ame) ---- [noun] 10. belabour (Br) || belabor (Ame) ---- [verb] 11. candour (Br) || candor (Ame) ---- [noun] 12. clamour (Br) || clamor (Ame) ---- [verb/noun] 13. clangour (Br) || clangor (Ame) ---- [noun] 14. colour (Br) || color (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 15. colour scheme (Br) || color scheme (Ame) ---- [noun] 16. colouration (Br) || coloration (Ame) ---- [noun] 17. coloured (Br) || colored (Ame) ---- [adjective / noun] 18. colourful (Br) || colorful (Ame) ---- [adjective] 19. colouring (Br) || coloring (Ame) ---- [noun] 20. colourist (Br) || colorist (Ame) ---- [noun] 21. demeanour (Br) || demeanor (Ame) ---- [noun] 22. discolour (Br) || discolor (Ame) ---- [verb] 23. disfavour (Br) || disfavor (Ame) ---- [noun] 24. dishonour (Br) || dishonor (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 25. dishonourable (Br) || dishonorable (Ame) ---- [adjective] 26. dishonourably (Br) || dishonorably (Ame) ---- [adverb] 27. enamoured (Br) || enamored (Ame) ---- [adjective] 28. endeavour (Br) || endeavor (Ame) ---- [verb / noun] 29. favourite (Br) || favorite (Ame) ---- [adjective/noun] 30. fervour (Br) || fervor (Ame) ---- [noun] 31. flavour (Br) || flavor (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 32. flavoured (Br) || flavored (Ame) ---- [adjective] 33. flavouring (Br) || flavoring (Ame) ---- [noun] 34. flavourless (Br) || flavorless (Ame) ---- [adjective] 35. forced labour (Br) || forced labor (Ame) ---- [noun] 36. full-colour (Br) || full-color (Ame) ---- [adjective] 37. funeral parlour (Br) || funeral parlor (Ame) ---- [noun] 38. gallows humour (Br) || gallows humor (Ame) ---- [noun] 39. glamour (Br) || glamor (Ame) ---- [noun] 40. glamour model (Br) || glamor model (Ame) ---- [noun] 41. good humour (Br) || good humor (Ame) ---- [noun] 42. good-humoured (Br) || good-humored (Ame) ---- [adjective] 43. good-humouredly (Br) || good-humoredly (Ame) ---- [adverb] 44. harbour (Br) || harbor (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 45. harbour master (Br) || harbormaster (Ame) ---- [noun] 46. hard labour (Br) || hard labor (Ame) ---- [noun] 47. honour (Br) || honor (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 48. humour (Br) || humor (Ame) ---- [noun/verb] 49. humourless (Br) || humorless (Ame) ---- [adjective] 50. ill humour (Br) || ill humor (Ame) ---- [noun]
Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes: Useful English Affixes
AFFIX A letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to get a new word with a changed meaning. Examples – im- in impossible; ntier- in international -able in agreeable; -er in learner English Affixes could be divided into two groups: Prefixes and Suffixes PREFIX A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to get a new word with a changed meaning. Examples – im- in impossible; inter- in international; un- in unaffected SUFFIX A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word to get a new word with a changed meaning. Examples – -able in agreeable; -er in learner; -ness in quickness Sample This: ENGLISH PREFIXES – A a- Used to form: adjectives, adverbs and nouns General meaning: not, without Examples: acellular / amoral / apolitical / atheism / atheist / atypical ****** ad- Used to form: nouns and verbs General meaning: addition, tendency Examples: adjoin / adjudge / admixture ****** ambi- Used to form: adjectives, adverbs and nouns General meaning: both of two Examples: ambidexterity / ambidextrous / ambivalence / ambivalent ****** ante- Used to form: adjectives, nouns and verbs General meaning: prior to; in front of Examples: antedate / antenatal / anterior / ante-room ****** anti- Used to form: adjectives and nouns General meaning: against; the opposite of; preventing Examples: anti-aircraft / anti-bacterial / antibiotic / antibody / anti-choice / anticlerical / anticlimax / anticlockwise / anticoagulant / anti-competitive / anti-copying / anti-corruption / anticyclone / antidepressant / anti-drug / anti-encroachment / anti-extremism / antifreeze / anti-globalization / anti-graft / antigravity / anti-hate / anti-hero / anti-inflammatory / anti-liquor / anti-lock / anti-malarial / anti-national / antioxidant / antiparticle / anti-people / anti-personnel / antiperspirant / anti-poaching / antipyretic / antiretroviral / anti-rowdy / anti-sabotage / antiseptic / antisocial / anti-stalking / antitank / anti-terror / anti-terrorism / anti-theft / antitrust / antiviral / antivirus ****** ENGLISH SUFFIXES – A -able Used to form: adjectives, adverbs and nouns General meaning: that can, should or must be done; having the characteristic of Examples: adaptable / agreeable / amenable / amicable / appreciable / approachable / assessable / avertable / avoidable / believable / breakable / calculable / changeable / chargeable / comfortable / companionable / computable / conceivable / controllable / curable / decipherable / declarable / desirable / detectable / detestable / doable / enjoyable / escapable / excitable / explainable / explicable / exploitable / fashionable / foreseeable / graspable / honorable / imaginable / imperturbable / indubitable / inevitable / justifiable / manageable / moveable / noticeable / observable / payable / pleasurable / portable / preventable / punishable / quantifiable / questionable / ratable / reachable / readable / reasonable / reckonable / recognizable / reliable / reputable / respectable / serviceable / sociable / stoppable / taxable / traceable / transferable / translatable / transportable / understandable / usable / utilizable / variable / washable / wearable / workable ****** -ability Used to form: nouns General meaning: a level of skill, intelligence, etc. Example: capability / curability / excitability / inescapability / inevitability / playability / preventability / serviceability / unavoidability / usability / workability ****** -ably Used to form: adverbs General meaning: skillful and well; in a particular manner Examples: affably / capably / charitably / comfortably / demonstrably / indisputably / inevitably / irritably / notably / noticeably / presumably / probably / reasonably / remarkably ****** -acy Used to form: nouns General meaning: the position, quality, state or status of Examples: accuracy / adequacy / delicacy / democracy / intimacy / primacy / privacy / supremacy ******
Dictionary of English Capitonyms: Vocabulary Building
What are “Capitonyms”? CAPITONYMS ---- [Capital- capital letter; -Onym: Name] Capitonym is a word that changes its meaning (and sometimes pronunciation) based on whether or not it is capitalized. Capitonym [singular] | Capitonyms [plural] Capitonyms may be nouns, pronouns, verbs, or adjectives. Characteristics of Capitonyms: Same spelling except for capitalization Different meaning when capitalized Same or different pronunciation Examples: Polish and polish Polish: connected with Poland [adjective] polish: to make a surface smooth and glossy [verb] Piedmonts and piedmonts Piedmont: a region of North West Italy (noun) piedmont: a slope leading from the foot of mountains to a region of flat land (noun) Traveler and traveler Traveler: traveling people of Irish origin [noun] traveler: a person who is traveling [noun] Roman and roman Roman: connected with the Rome roman: the ordinary type of printing [adjective] Rosemary and rosemary Rosemary: a common first name for females in English speaking countries [noun] rosemary: a bush with small narrow leaves that smell sweet and are used in cooking as a herb [noun] Regency and regency Regency: in the style of the period 1811–20 in Britain [adjective] regency: government by a regent (a person who rules a country in place of the king or queen) [noun] Scot and scot Scot: a native of Scotland [noun] scot: a charge, tax, or payment [noun] Self and self Self: a popular American magazine [noun] self: character or personality [noun] Warren and warren Warren: a common name in English speaking countries [noun] warren: a system of holes and underground tunnels where wild rabbits live [noun] ****** Capitonyms are case-sensitive words. However, when capitonyms appear at the beginning of a sentence, there is no way to understand which meaning is being referred to except the context in which they are used. Capitonyms also create confusion in the aspect of listening. Because there is no way to understand which meaning is being referred to except the context in which they are used. Capitonyms generally occur due to one form being a proper noun. A proper noun is a word that is the name of a person, a place, an establishment, etc. and is written with a capital letter. Thus, capitonyms may include: A name of a person (Jack/jack) A name of a place, city, country, etc. (Japan/japan) A name of a language (Ewe/ewe) A name of a company (Fiat/fiat) A name of a publication (Time/time) A name of a river/lake/hill/mountain, etc. DETAILED LIST OF PAIRS OF CAPITONYMS: