The Stochastic Nature Of Environmental Phenomena And Processes
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The Stochastic Nature of Environmental Phenomena and Processes
This book is useful not only for young but also for mature scientists who are preparing methods for studying natural environmental phenomena and their alteration by human activity. As spatio-temporal scales of natural environmental phenomena become larger, the variance of their fluctuations increases or decreases over wide ranges. Such signals appear not only in environmental dynamics but everywhere, even in seemingly unrelated fields. When one looks at these signals more closely, one finds that they are governed by specific, measurable scaling laws, that is, a statistical relationship between big and small, between fast and slow. In this book, the authors describe and explain processes that have puzzled environmental science for decades, such as the climate crisis, clouds, turbulence, earthquakes, cosmic rays, sea wind waves, hurricanes, floods, radiation field in the climate system, ozone hole, greenhouse effect, air pollution, El Nino / La Nina, nowcasting models.
Environmental Statistics and Data Analysis
This easy-to-understand introduction emphasizes the areas of probability theory and statistics that are important in environmental monitoring, data analysis, research, environmental field surveys, and environmental decision making. It communicates basic statistical theory with very little abstract mathematical notation, but without omitting importa
Monitoring Continuous Phenomena
Monitoring continuous phenomena by stationary and mobile sensors has become a common due to the improvement in hardware and communication infrastructure and decrease in it’s cost. Sensor data is now available in near real time via web interfaces and in machine-readable form, facilitated by paradigms like the Internet of Things (IoT). There are still some obstacles in the usability of the data since the positions (in space and time) of observation and the positions of interest usually do not coincide. Interpolation is the technique to fill such gaps and there are manifold methods to perform it. To actually operate a monitoring system, there are problems like unambiguous identification of interpolation method and associated parameters, appropriate interface to store observations and retrieve interpolated data, continuous update of the interpolation model for real time monitoring, compression and progressive retrieval of observational data and critical states definition and notification by using aggregation of values. This book proposes a general system architecture that addresses these problems. It is not confined to details about particular interpolation methods but rather takes a holistic view on the problem of monitoring. State-of-the-art technologies like geostatistics, sensor web enablement and field data types are introduced and applied in order to provide a viable toolset for the problem domain. The focus is on the overall organization of the monitoring and the architectural design of the software system and the associated simulation framework that is used to systematically evaluate different monitoring approaches. The whole cycle of a monitoring entailing observation, interpolation, discretization, storage, retrieval and notification is covered. Concrete solutions for several common problems in this context are provided.