The Science Of Answering Questions
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The Science of Answering Questions
The Science of Answering Questions: A Statistical Approach introduces students to the process of determining an answer to a question or problem through the collection of information, the use of statistical tools on the information, and reaching a conclusion based on the results. Opening chapters explore the evidence needed to answer the question of interest. Students learn about variables, levels of measurement, populations, samples, and sampling, as well as commonly used and freely available statistical software that can be used in statistical analyses. Additional chapters introduce ways to display and describe information collected from the sample, including summaries, summary tables, and graphs. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are covered. Readers explore descriptors, predictors, point estimation, deviation and variance, probability distributions, and interval estimation. Chapters in the latter half of the text focus on answering different questions of interest or the same question with different types of collected information. These chapters cover hypothesis testing, one sample proportion, multinomial, pre-post, homogeneity, correlation, independence, and more. Appendices provide students with helpful references related to critical values and standard normal probabilities. Providing students with a complete yet accessible introduction, The Science of Answering Questions is an excellent introductory resource for a course in statistics.
The Process of Question Answering
Originally published in 1978, The Process of Question Answering examines a phenomenon that relies on many realms of human cognition: language comprehension, memory retrieval, and language generation. Problems in computational question answering assume a new perspective when question answering is viewed as a problem in natural language processing. A theory of human question answering must necessarily entail a theory of human memory organization and theories of the cognitive processes that access and manipulate information in memory. This book describes question answering as a particular task in information processing. The theoretical models described here have been built on a formulation of general theories in natural language processing: theories about language that were developed without the specific problem of question answering in mind. By requiring programmers to be concerned with the precise form of information in memory, and the precise operations manipulating that information, they can uncover significant problems that would otherwise be overlooked. An early insight into artificial intelligence, today this reissue can be enjoyed in its historical context.