The Principle Of The Separation Of Powers
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The Principle of the Separation of Powers
Author: Zoltán Balázs
language: en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
Release Date: 2016-12-13
The separation of powers is one of the most cherished principles of constitutional government in the Western tradition. Despite its prestigious status, however, it has always been controversial. It has been attacked for being inadequate to account for institutional realities; for being inapplicable to parliamentary systems; for lacking a convincing normative grounding and even for being harmful, inasmuch as it hampers both the immediate enforcement of popular will and efficient political leadership. Current political crises all over the world, especially the rise of populist democracies and authoritarian regimes, however, make the principle worth a closer, more positive examination. This book takes stock of the criticisms of the principle of separation of powers and attempts to offer a new normative account of it. It argues that the separation of powers cannot be restricted to governmental institutions, agencies and decision-making procedures. Rather, it must be derived from the very basics of government, from the very notions of political order and articulated government and from the distinct though related concepts of social and governmental power and of authority. Once these distinctions are made, institutional separations are easier to be established. Contrary to the classical and most contemporary conceptions of the principle, the present account argues for a relational and negative conception of the separation of powers. The legislative branch in conceived of as the one where political authority, political power and social power are all equally represented. The executive branch is best understood as excluding social power whereas the judicial branch is marked for its opposition to the influence of political power. This conception avoids the pitfalls of essentialism and functionalism and makes the principle applicable in a much wider international context.
The New Separation of Powers
The separation of powers is an important principle of liberal constitutionalism. However, the traditional rationale behind institutional separation can no longer govern the distribution of authority in the modern state. This book develops a new model of the separation of powers theory for the administrative state. It argues for the replacement of the traditional theory with a new model which has the potential to both enhance democratic checks and balances and to legitimise the role of administrative and regulatory bodies in the modern state. Explaining how developments in modern governance have subverted the principles originally underpinning the separation of powers, the book identifies the ways in which lawyers and administrators have sought to preserve these democratic principles in particular areas. These piecemeal efforts are gathered together into a cohesive account of a radical overarching framework for institutional reform. Drawing on examples from the United Kingdom, Ireland and the U.S.A., the book provides both a descriptive and prescriptive analysis of the ways in which our legal and political notions of institutional separation have so far, and (more importantly) may, in the future, deal with the problems posed by the emergence of quasi-public administrative or regulatory agencies. Far from the traditional view of administrative agencies as a threat to democracy, administrative bodies, in fact, can provide a valuable opportunity for reforming public governance in a way which reinforces the foundational principles of democracy.
The Exclusionary Rule of Evidence
This groundbreaking monograph asserts the need for the establishment of an exclusionary rule of evidence in China as a means of protecting the people from police wrongdoing. The author skilfully explores the foundations and developments of the exclusionary rule in the UK and USA, assessing the rule from a comparative perspective and illuminating some issues that may arise in transferring the rule from one legal system to another. Divided into two parts, the first part discusses lessons from the past, and provides an in-depth examination of the development of the exclusionary rule in the UK and USA, covering rationales, debates and the theoretical foundation of the exclusionary rule in the constitutional context. The second part looks to the future and the establishment of a Chinese exclusionary rule. Specifically, it analyses the effects of police torture, the passive attitude of judges and the need to establish such a rule in practice for future protection of human rights. The author’s experience in criminal law and procedure allow him to adroitly analyse crucial issues on both theoretical and practical level that is understandable to those working in the areas of human rights, comparative criminal procedure, and the Chinese legal system.