Teaching Probability
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Teaching Probability
Author: Jenny Gage
language: en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date: 2016-08-04
These titles focus on the approaches that can be taken in the classroom to develop skills and a conceptual understanding of specific mathematical concepts.
Examining an Operational Approach to Teaching Probability
Several years ago, there began a consideration of the inadequacy of a traditional approach to teaching mathematics. Many teachers and perhaps a majority of the students often realize something is wrong with these methods and report a lack of enthusiasm in dealing with the discipline. Many teachers think that certain established habits have a serious pedagogical basis, and therefore, it is difficult to question them. In addition, perhaps, there is also a certain fear in imagining and experimenting with new ways. Unfortunately, the excessive use of examples and abstract formulations with exclusive reference to algebraic language distances the student from the pleasure of the discipline. Mathematics, on the other hand, requires attention and concentration, but the understanding of its meaning gives rise to interest, pleasure to discover, and promotes deep learning. This is where studying probability from an operational approach has gained much traction. The most interesting aspect is the use of a very artisanal approach, starting with objects that students can, in part, find in their daily lives. Trying to identify objects and situations that speak of "different mathematics," embodied in everyday life, may offer more possibilities to deal with the mathematical illiteracy that seems to afflict a large part of our society. Examining an Operational Approach to Teaching Probability focuses on probability examined from an educational point of view and the implementation of a very concrete operational approach in the classroom. Two main pillars are examined within this book: concrete objects and IT tools used to perform simulations for probability teaching. Each chapter is devoted to an essential concept related to probability and covers the operational approach all the way from its historical development to types of probability studies, different teaching methods within the approach, and the theories surrounding it. This book is ideal for pre-service and in-service teachers looking for nontraditional approaches in teaching along with instructional designers, curricula developers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in learning more about operational research and the use of objects to introduce probabilistic concepts in a new method of teaching.
Research on Teaching and Learning Probability
This book summarizes the vast amount of research related to teaching and learning probability that has been conducted for more than 50 years in a variety of disciplines. It begins with a synthesis of the most important probability interpretations throughout history: intuitive, classical, frequentist, subjective, logical propensity and axiomatic views. It discusses their possible applications, philosophical problems, as well as their potential and the level of interest they enjoy at different educational levels. Next, the book describes the main features of probabilistic thinking and reasoning, including the contrast to classical logic, probability language features, the role of intuitions, as well as paradoxes and the relevance of modeling. It presents an analysis of the differences between conditioning and causation, the variability expression in data as a sum of random and causal variations, as well as those of probabilistic versus statistical thinking. This is followed by an analysis of probability’s role and main presence in school curricula and an outline of the central expectations in recent curricular guidelines at the primary, secondary and high school level in several countries. This book classifies and discusses in detail the three different research periods on students’ and people’s intuitions and difficulties concerning probability: early research focused on cognitive development, a period of heuristics and biases programs, and the current period marked by a multitude of foci, approaches and theoretical frameworks.