Syntax Tree Diagram
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Chinese Syntax Tree Diagram
Some people say that Chinese does not have grammar, as a Chinese word may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb in many cases without conjugation, inflection, derivation nor even the preposition. However, Chinese syntax has many similarities with English as an isolating language, whose word order is more obligatory than inflected or agglutinative languages. Moreover, because of the ideograph, which expresses a morpheme indifferent of the parts of speech, the word order is stricter than English. Chinese words are fundamentally monosyllabic, the same as English original words such as "head", "arm", "go", "come". Being monosyllabic, the verb may combine easily and even a short sentence may be more complex than in English. In this work, we try to verify the hypothesis that though the grammar varies, every human language is based on the universal sentence structure restricted by the space-time cognition.
Syntax
This new edition of Syntax: A functional-typological introduction is at many points radically revised. In the previous edition (1984) the author deliberately chose to de-emphasize the more formal aspects of syntactic structure, in favor of a more comprehensive treatment of the semantic and pragmatic correlates of syntactic structure. With hindsight the author now finds the de-emphasis of the formal properties a somewhat regrettable choice, since it creates the false impression that one could somehow be a functionalist without being at the same time a structuralist. To redress the balance, explicit treatment is given to the core formal properties of syntactic constructions, such as constituency and hierarchy (phrase structure), grammatical relations and relational control, clause union, finiteness and governed constructions. At the same time, the cognitive and communicative underpinning of grammatical universals are further elucidated and underscored, and the interplay between grammar, cognition and neurology is outlined. Also the relevant typological database is expanded, now exploring in greater precision the bounds of syntactic diversity. Lastly, Syntax treats synchronic-typological diversity more explicitly as the dynamic by-product of diachronic development or grammaticalization. In so doing a parallel is drawn between linguistic diversity and diachrony on the one hand and biological diversity and evolution on the other. It is then suggested that as in biology synchronic universals of grammar are exercised and instantiated primarily as constraints on development, and are thus merely the apparent by-products of universal constraints on grammaticalization.
Japanese Syntax Tree Diagram
Author: Yuko Sakai
language: en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date: 2017-06-12
In Japanese the verb should be at the end of the sentence and the adjective always precedes the noun, but the other word order is free and the omission except verb is acceptable. An interrogative does not have to initiate a wh-interrogative sentence. However, in exchange for the freedom of word order, each noun accompanies the marker or particle. The same can be seen also in Latin or many other languages with noun markers such as cases, prepositions, postpositions etc. Though the grammar differs from language to language, this work shows the universality in the depth of syntactic structures to explain that all our languages are essentially the same.