Chinese Syntax Tree Diagram
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Chinese Syntax Tree Diagram
Some people say that Chinese does not have grammar, as a Chinese word may be a noun, a verb, an adjective or an adverb in many cases without conjugation, inflection, derivation nor even the preposition. However, Chinese syntax has many similarities with English as an isolating language, whose word order is more obligatory than inflected or agglutinative languages. Moreover, because of the ideograph, which expresses a morpheme indifferent of the parts of speech, the word order is stricter than English. Chinese words are fundamentally monosyllabic, the same as English original words such as "head", "arm", "go", "come". Being monosyllabic, the verb may combine easily and even a short sentence may be more complex than in English. In this work, we try to verify the hypothesis that though the grammar varies, every human language is based on the universal sentence structure restricted by the space-time cognition.
Sentence Generation
Author: Yuko Sakai
language: en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date: 2017-04-27
Many define the language, in various phrases with various modifiers, as a tool of communication. However, not all the language is communicated and the language is generated before the communication. We have no words to communicate without thinking, whose concrete act is to choose the words. Therefore, cognition and language have the same origin. We the human beings have language to recognize and dominate the world, including our own mind. This is the reason why we have reason and language. Language is not merely a tool of communication, but it is indispensable to have reason and to be a Homo sapiens. The reason is based on the outside world composed of space-time. We perceive the outside world and recognize it by naming or classifying in our each vocabulary. Accordingly, a linguistic theory, which explains how and why the sentences are, should start with the cognition. The method is opposite to that of Aristotle's tradition, which begins in the form and the contents are interpreted from the form based on the view that language is a tool of communication regarding only the communicated words as language. The same view is also found in F. de Saussure, who regarded language as a given and socially approved system of signs. Language is not a system of signs, but, what we generate just in the next moment. If we shut up, language does not exist. The system or grammar may change with our usage of words moment by moment, thus, language continues to change as long as it is spoken. Consequently, this work finds the DEEP and UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE of sentence in the structure of the four-dimensional cognition. First, we deduce what structure is necessary to express the four-dimensional cognition. Secondly, we see how we generate the surface structures in five languages; English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Ainu. We define each word in syntactic tree diagrams just like chemical formulas to verify the deep structure in the surface structure.
Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Syntax
Author: Ruixi Ressy Ai
language: en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date: 2024-02-27
This book introduces a contrastive analysis of Chinese and English syntax based on generative grammar. It covers major syntactic domains, including but not limited to noun phrases, verb phrases, the inflectional domain, the discourse-related domain and ellipsis. Based on the empirical data drawn from both Chinese and English, and recast in modern linguistic terminology, the book introduces various rules and theoretical modules from the generative framework to analyze the similarities and differences between Chinese and English syntax. The chapters are arranged such that the book moves from the easiest syntactic topics gradually towards the more complex and advanced ones. Each chapter includes a short summary of major points and references for further reading. Readers are not required to have background knowledge in syntax. The book can serve as a textbook or a reference book for scholars of Chinese studies, Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCFL), Chinese linguistics, comparative linguistics and theoretical linguistics.