Surfactant Formulation Engineering Using Hld And Nac
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Surfactant Formulation Engineering using HLD and NAC
Surfactants are molecules that contain groups that are water-loving (hydrophilic) and oil-loving (lipophilic). The central question in formulations is often which of the two portions dominate the behavior of the surfactant. For many years that question was answered in terms of the surfactant structure only. However, the modern view is that the hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of the surfactant is the result of surfactant structure and formulation conditions (nature of the oil, temperature, aqueous phase composition) as captured by a semi-empirical equation called the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD). The HLD is a dimensionless number that indicate the approach to the point where the surfactant inverts its solubility from being water-soluble (negative HLD) to oil-soluble (positive HLD). The HLD alone is a good indicator of how the formulation could behave but it does not produce any formulation property that can be used to predict product performance. The net-average curvature (NAC) are a set of equations that take the value of HLD to predict the properties of the formulation, such as oil (and/or water) solubilization capacity, interfacial tension, phase diagrams, contact angle and others.Surfactant Formulation Engineering using HLD and NAC will not only introduce the reader to HLD-NAC but also to the practical use of these concepts in numerous applications ranging from application in the petroleum industry, to environmental remediation, to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, and even nanotechnology. The last part of the book will look at the molecular origins of the empirical terms in HLD via the Integrated Free Energy Model (IFEM). - Concentrates on the HLD and NAC, providing industrially-relevant examples - Provides the only single depository for HLD parameters - Balances theory and application, with insights from both academic and industrial authors - Includes examples relevant to a wide range of fields, with practical guides on how to go from the formulation objective(s) to an actual formulation design
Biobased Surfactants
Biobased Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Second Edition, covers biosurfactant synthesis and applications and demonstrates how to reduce manufacturing and purification costs, impurities, and by-products. Fully updated, this book covers surfactants in biomedical applications, detergents, personal care, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nanotechnology. It reflects on the latest developments in biobased surfactant science and provides case scenarios to guide readers in efficient and effective biobased surfactant application, along with strategies for research into new applications. This book is written from a biorefinery-based perspective by an international team of experts and acts as a key text for researchers and practitioners involved in the synthesis, utilization, and development of biobased surfactants. - Describes new and emerging biobased surfactants and their synthesis and development - Showcases an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, featuring applications to chemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and other areas - Presents the entire lifecycle of biobased surfactants in detail
The Conservator's Cookbook
The Conservator’s Cookbook is a collection of practical, step-by-step guides outlining how to prepare various solutions, adhesives, gels, and other mixtures used in heritage conservation. While most conservators learn the chemical rationale of solution-making during their training, the actual process of preparing these compounds can be neglected or eventually forgotten. This “cookbook” provides a non-exhaustive and adaptable resource, compiling practical recipes from across heritage conservation literature into a single volume. Drawing from techniques used in furniture, paper, paintings, textiles, and other conservation specialisms, each “recipe” in the Cookbook begins with a short summary of key chemical ideas, before relating step-by-step instructions. The solutions range from simple dissolutions (adhesive resins), to more complex cleaning systems (utilising surfactants, chelation agents, and enzymes) and gelled carriers. Each “recipe” is followed with collections of technical data which help to bridge the gap between chemical understanding and practical application. The Cookbook also provides important notes on health and safety and laboratory best practice, addressing some common misunderstandings and encouraging more sustainable approaches. Intended for the experienced professional and conservation student alike, The Conservator’s Cookbook is a crucial reference work that provides a starting point for practical experimentation and interaction between different conservation specialisms.