Superior Beings

Fellow Creatures

Christine M. Korsgaard presents a compelling new view of humans' moral relationships to the other animals. She defends the claim that we are obligated to treat all sentient beings as what Kant called "ends-in-themselves". Drawing on a theory of the good derived from Aristotle, she offers an explanation of why animals are the sorts of beings for whom things can be good or bad. She then turns to Kant's argument for the value of humanity to show that rationality commits us to claiming the standing of ends-in-ourselves, in two senses. Kant argued that as autonomous beings, we claim to be ends-in-ourselves when we claim the standing to make laws for ourselves and each other. Korsgaard argues that as beings who have a good, we also claim to be ends-in-ourselves when we take the things that are good for us to be good absolutely and so worthy of pursuit. The first claim commits us to joining with other autonomous beings in relations of moral reciprocity. The second claim commits us to treating the good of every sentient creature as something of absolute importance. Korsgaard argues that human beings are not more important than the other animals, that our moral nature does not make us superior to the other animals, and that our unique capacities do not make us better off than the other animals. She criticizes the "marginal cases" argument and advances a new view of moral standing as attaching to the atemporal subjects of lives. She criticizes Kant's own view that our duties to animals are indirect, and offers a non-utilitarian account of the relation between pleasure and the good. She also addresses a number of directly practical questions: whether we have the right to eat animals, experiment on them, make them work for us and fight in our wars, and keep them as pets; and how to understand the wrong that we do when we cause a species to go extinct.

The Greatest Treachery in Human History

The initial goal of this book was to discover the ultimate purpose and meaning behind the abductions of human beings into UFOs—the alarming reality of which is still hardly known to the public. But as this study developed, it led to a series of revelations which brought us to an unexpected interpretation of this phenomenon. Indeed, it became all too obvious that there was a connection between these abductions and the absurd path that today’s human society is taking. More and more measures are being implemented that are threatening the health, well-being, and freedom of human beings the world over under the guise of ‘security’ purposes. Those responsible for this are not only our leaders, but occult forces--which are exposed in this book. We were therefore led to unveil what we can indeed refer to as the “greatest treachery in human history”: extremely powerful dark forces have been acting on Earth for a very long time unbeknownst to our population. These forces, identified in this book, are directly interfering in the governance of our world and are directly opposed to the harmonious evolution of Humankind, putting us all in grave danger. This book sheds an unprecedented new light on how this all relates to the tragic events Humanity has been going through since 2020.

An exposition of the XXXIX articles of the church of England