Seeing Four Dimensional Space And Beyond Using Knots
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Seeing Four-dimensional Space and Beyond
"An introductory text for knot theory. Introduces the tool for visualizing 4- and higher-dimensional space. Also discusses recent developments in the field"--
Seeing Four-dimensional Space And Beyond: Using Knots!
According to string theory, our universe exists in a 10- or 11-dimensional space. However, the idea the space beyond 3 dimensions seems hard to grasp for beginners. This book presents a way to understand four-dimensional space and beyond: with knots! Beginners can see high dimensional space although they have not seen it.With visual illustrations, we present the manipulation of figures in high dimensional space, examples of which are high dimensional knots and n-spheres embedded in the (n+2)-sphere, and generalize results on relations between local moves and knot invariants into high dimensional space.Local moves on knots, circles embedded in the 3-space, are very important to research in knot theory. It is well known that crossing changes are connected with the Alexander polynomial, the Jones polynomial, HOMFLYPT polynomial, Khovanov homology, Floer homology, Khovanov homotopy type, etc. We show several results on relations between local moves on high dimensional knots and their invariants.The following related topics are also introduced: projections of knots, knot products, slice knots and slice links, an open question: can the Jones polynomial be defined for links in all 3-manifolds? and Khovanov-Lipshitz-Sarkar stable homotopy type. Slice knots exist in the 3-space but are much related to the 4-dimensional space. The slice problem is connected with many exciting topics: Khovanov homology, Khovanv-Lipshits-Sarkar stable homotopy type, gauge theory, Floer homology, etc. Among them, the Khovanov-Lipshitz-Sarkar stable homotopy type is one of the exciting new areas; it is defined for links in the 3-sphere, but it is a high dimensional CW complex in general.Much of the book will be accessible to freshmen and sophomores with some basic knowledge of topology.
Four-dimensional Paper Constructions After Mobius, Klein And Boy
Explore four-dimensional paper constructions inspired by the work of great mathematicians like Möbius, Klein, Boy, Hopf, and others. These creations will help you visualize four-dimensional space and beyond, transporting you to higher-dimensional spaces. This book is designed to solidify your foundations in various areas of mathematics and physics, with a particular focus on topology.If you are familiar with higher-dimensional spaces from loving sci-fi stories, you may find the four-dimensional illustrations in this book especially intuitive. Imagine starting on Earth and traveling straight up into the universe — where would you end up? Perhaps you would travel in one direction only to eventually return to your starting point. Can you imagine what happens during the course of this trip? By engaging with these four-dimensional paper constructions, you will gain a deeper understanding of this fascinating journey.