Scribal Harmonization In The Synoptic Gospels
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Scribal Harmonization in the Synoptic Gospels
In Scribal Harmonization Cambry G. Pardee examines the earliest Greek manuscripts of the Synoptic Gospels for evidence that scribes altered the text of the Gospels—either deliberately or inadvertently—in ways that eliminated discrepancies between them. The phenomenon of harmonization demonstrates that a scribe’s memories of previous experiences with gospel traditions could have a powerful effect on the manuscripts that they produced. This book assembles for the first time a catalogue of harmonizing variants from every manuscript of Matthew, Mark, and Luke from the fourth century and earlier. Far from reducing the unique voices of the individual evangelists to a single melody, the earliest scribes contributed new tones, innovative strains, and fascinating harmonies to the four-fold gospel tradition.
Scribal Harmonization in Greek Manuscripts of the Synoptic Gospels from the Second to the Fifth Century
Harmonization in manuscripts of the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) has been recognized as a textual phenomenon since at least the late second century. This dissertation constitutes the first major catalogue of assimilated readings and provides evidence for the nature of harmonization in the earliest period of the development of the text of the New Testament. Harmonization occurs whenever a scribe copying a Gospel by hand introduces a textual variant that reflects the influence of parallel material from another Gospel or gospel tradition. The body of this dissertation is a text-critical analysis of every harmonizing variant in the forty-four incomplete Greek manuscripts of the Synoptic Gospels from the second through the fifth century and in Codex Vaticanus, the earliest manuscript containing the complete text of all three Synoptics. Variants that are found in only one manuscript (singular readings) are used to profile individual scribal personalities hidden in the fragments. Readings that appear in multiple manuscripts (comparative readings) are used to describe the general phenomenon of harmonization. Over the course of hearing, reading, and copying gospel material, a single Gospel or version of a saying or story solidified into the scribe's "cognitive exemplar," that is to say, the "horizon of expectation" by which he read the text before him. As the scribe copied, his cognitive exemplar was sometimes in agreement with and sometimes in disagreement with his physical exemplar. The material in his cognitive exemplar occasionally became the source of substitutions, additions, omissions, and transpositions in the copy he was creating. In most cases, these alterations occurred "reflexively" or "automatically." As the scribe copied one Gospel, the text itself recalled parallel material latent in the scribe's horizon of expectation and in his general familiarity with alternative versions of sayings and stories. Far from diminishing the unique character of the individual Synoptics, harmonizing readings are testaments to the dynamic, living text of the Gospels in the first five Christian centuries.
The New Cambridge Companion to Biblical Interpretation
Author: Ian Boxall
language: en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date: 2022-12-22
This Cambridge Companion offers an up-to-date and accessible guide to the fast-changing discipline of biblical studies. Written by scholars from diverse backgrounds and religious commitments – many of whom are pioneers in their respective fields – the volume covers a range of contemporary scholarly methods and interpretive frameworks. The volume reflects the diversity and globalized character of biblical interpretation in which neat boundaries between author-focused, text-focused, and reader-focused approaches are blurred. The significant space devoted to the reception of the Bible – in art, literature, liturgy, and religious practice – also blurs the distinction between professional and popular biblical interpretation. The volume provides an ideal introduction to the various ways that scholars are currently interpreting the Bible. It offers both beginning and advanced students an understanding of the state of biblical interpretation, and how to explore each topic in greater depth.