On The Persistence Of The Japanese History Problem
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On the Persistence of the Japanese History Problem
In Japan, people often refer to August 15, 1945 as the end of "that war." But the duration of "that war" remains vague. At times, it refers to the fifteen years of war in the Asia-Pacific. At others, it refers to an imagination of the century long struggle between the East and the West that characterized much of the 19th century. This latter dramatization in particular reinforces longstanding Eurocentric and Orientalist discourses about historical development that presume the non-West lacks historical agency. Nearly 75 years since the nominal end of the war, Japan’s "history problem" – a term invoking the nation’s inability to come to terms with its imperial past – persists throughout Asia today. Going beyond well-worn clichés about the state’s use and abuse of discourses of historical modernity, Koyama shows how the inability to confront the debris of empire is tethered to the deferral of agency to a hegemonic order centered on the United States. The present is thus a moment one stitched between the disavowal of responsibility on the one hand, and the necessity of becoming a proper subject of history on the other. Behind this seeming impasse lay questions about how to imagine the state as the subject of history in a postcolonial moment – after grand narratives, after patriotism, and after triumphalism.
The History Problem
Author: Hiro Saito
language: en
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
Release Date: 2017-04-01
Seventy years have passed since the end of the Asia-Pacific War, yet Japan remains embroiled in controversy with its neighbors over the war’s commemoration. Among the many points of contention between Japan, China, and South Korea are interpretations of the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, apologies and compensation for foreign victims of Japanese aggression, prime ministerial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, and the war’s portrayal in textbooks. Collectively, these controversies have come to be called the “history problem.” But why has the problem become so intractable? Can it ever be resolved, and if so, how? To answer these questions author Hiro Saito mobilizes the sociology of collective memory and social movements, political theories of apology and reconciliation, psychological research on intergroup conflict, and philosophical reflections on memory and history. The history problem, he argues, is essentially a relational phenomenon caused when nations publicly showcase self-serving versions of the past at key ceremonies and events: Japan, South Korea, and China all focus on what happened to their own citizens with little regard for foreign others. Saito goes on to explore the emergence of a cosmopolitan form of commemoration taking humanity, rather than nationality, as its primary frame of reference, an approach increasingly used by a transnational network of advocacy NGOs, victims of Japan’s past wrongdoings, historians, and educators. When cosmopolitan commemoration is practiced as a collective endeavor by both perpetrators and victims, Saito argues, a resolution of the history problem—and eventual reconciliation—will finally become possible. The History Problem examines a vast corpus of historical material in both English and Japanese, offering provocative findings that challenge orthodox explanations. Written in clear and accessible prose, this uniquely interdisciplinary book will appeal to sociologists, political scientists, and historians researching collective memory, nationalism and cosmopolitanism, and international relations—and to anyone interested in the commemoration of historical wrongs.
Japan’s Response to History Problems
This book examines the decision-making processes behind the formulation and evolution of the Japanese government’s official stance regarding diplomatic problems connected with the history of Japan’s territorial expansionism in East Asia. Based on neoclassical realism and historical institutionalism, this book analyzes to what extent Japan’s reaction to history problems complied with external pressures and to what extent it was modified by domestic-level variables. Particular attention is paid to the ideological leanings of key decision makers as well as their position against veto players, such as ruling party decision-making bodies, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) factions, cabinet members, coalition parties, and ministerial bureaucrats. Through four case studies – apologies for the war of aggression, a history textbook screening system, prime ministerial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, and the “comfort women” issue – it reveals which institutional actors formulated an initial response to issues of history, under what political circumstances Japan’s official stance on history problems was shaped and institutionalized, and what methods were utilized by the revisionists to challenge the status quo. Exploring path-dependent processes that led to the formulation of a compromise in the Japanese government, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Japanese Politics, Asian Studies, International Studies, and Political Science.