Numbers As Cognitive Tools
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Numbers as Cognitive Tools
Author: César Frederico dos Santos
language: en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date: 2025-08-19
This books offers a novel account of the nature of numbers firmly grounded in results from numerical cognition and the philosophy of mathematics. Drawing on empirical data on the human experience of what we call “numbers,” the author shows that numbers do not exist as abstract objects, but that the idea that they do is a useful cognitive tool. Contrary to the platonist view, according to which arithmetic is true of a realm of abstract entities, the nominalistic account presented in this book shows arithmetic to be true of descriptions of structural properties of techniques such as counting and calculating procedures. This book is of interest to both philosophers and cognitive scientists who want to have a deeper understanding of what numbers are.
Numbers as Cognitive Tools
Do numbers exist? Most of the answers to this question presented in the literature of the last decades have relied on a priori methods of investigation, where scientific data and theories about the human experience of numbers are irrelevant. These a priori approaches, however, have been inconclusive. In this dissertation, I adopt an empirically informed approach in which scientific descriptions of the human experience of numbers—as provided by cognitive sciences, linguistics, developmental psychology, and mathematics education—provide valuable information on the existence and status of what we call “numbers.” These scientific descriptions allow for the conclusion that numbers, conceived of as independent, non-spatiotemporal objects, do not exist. What exist are certain human-made techniques which engender in us the idea that a special class of objects called numbers exists. I show that, just as counting procedures and other arithmetical operations are cognitive tools that allow us to go beyond the limits of our genetically endowed cognitive skills, the very idea that numbers exist as independent objects is a cognitive tool that facilitates calculation—in other words, a useful reification. The ontological hypothesis suggested by the scientific description of the human experience of numbers is that operations such as counting and calculating procedures are the objective subject matter underlying arithmetic, rather than a putative class of non-spatiotemporal objects. Thus, the claim is that applied and pure arithmetical statements are true of the counting procedure and other arithmetical operations, rather than true of non-spatiotemporal numbers. In contrast to other attempted answers to the question of the ontological status of numbers, the hypothesis defended in this dissertation is accountable towards empirical data, and can thus be improved or refuted on an empirical basis.
Computers as Cognitive Tools
First Published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.