Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors In The Nervous System
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Nervous System
Author: Francesco Clementi
language: en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date: 2013-06-29
The acetylcholine nicotinic receptor is an ionic channel whose aperture is directly controlled by acetylcholine. It is a key molecule in the chemical communication between nerve cells and between nerve cell and muscle. The structure and function of muscular nicotinic receptors have been unraveled in recent years and its beauty and mysteries were reviewed in the Santorini NATO ARW organized by Dr. Maelicke in 1986. The neat, linear structure of this molecule and its conservation throughout evolution, from bacteria to humans, have led to the suggestion that it has reached the optimal structure for performing its function. But when scientists began to look at the nicotinic receptor in the nervous system, they found several surprises. From the beginning, pharmacological and physiological experiments, have made it clear that the functional characteristics of neuronal nicotinic receptors are substantially different from those of muscle receptors. Furthermore, recent sophisticated techniques such as patch clamp and gene cloning have revealed that the nicotinic receptor in the nervous system is not a single molecule but (although there are some important exceptions) a large family of similar molecules, which have in common the property of binding nicotinic agonists or antagonists. Over the last few years, the physiological implications of nicotinic receptors have been reevaluated on the basis of more precise behavioural and pharmacological techniques. Moreover, the involvement of nicotinic receptors in degenerative pathologies of the eNS, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, has also been discovered very recently.
Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment
The costs associated with a drug's clinical trials are so significant that it has become necessary to validate both its safety and efficacy in animal models prior to the continued study of the drug in humans. Featuring contributions from distinguished researchers in the field of cognitive therapy research, Animal Models of Cognitive Impairmen
Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Author: I. Yamamoto
language: en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date: 2012-12-06
The nicotinoids are the most important new class of pesticides, joining the organophosphorus compounds, methylcarbamates, and pyrethroids as the major insecticides. Recently, imidacloprid and related nicotinoids have begun replacing organophosphorus and methylcarbamate compounds as insecticides to control insect pests on major crops. Nicotinoids act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, as does naturally occurring nicotine, but with remarkable effectiveness against insects while being safe for mammals; they are quickly degraded and do not persist in the environment. This volume describes the relationship of nicotinoids to botanical insecticidal alkaloids, their discovery and development as insecticides, and the prospects for their expanded use and for the development of resistance. This book is the first to provide concise, comprehensive information on nicotinoids, their chemistry, mode of action, metabolism, and application in agriculture.