Machine Learning For Concrete Compressive Strength Analysis And Prediction With Python
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MACHINE LEARNING FOR CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION WITH PYTHON
Welcome to "Machine Learning for Concrete Compressive Strength Analysis and Prediction with Python." In this book, we will explore the fascinating field of applying machine learning techniques to analyze and predict the compressive strength of concrete. First, we will dive into the dataset, which includes various features related to concrete mix proportions, age, and other influential factors. We will explore the dataset's structure, dimensions, and feature types, ensuring that we have a solid understanding of the data we are working with. Then, we will focus on data exploration and visualization. We will utilize histograms, box plots, and scatter plots to gain insights into the distribution of features and their relationships with the target variable, enabling us to uncover valuable patterns and trends within the dataset. Before delving into machine learning algorithms, we must preprocess the data. We will handle missing values, encode categorical variables, and scale numerical features to ensure that our data is in the optimal format for training and testing our models. Then, we will explore popular algorithms such as Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Support Vector, Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Adaboost, Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Light Gradient Boosting, Catboost, and Multi-Layer Perceptron regression algorithms and use them to predict the concrete compressive strength accurately. We will evaluate and compare the performance of these models using regression metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-squared (R2) score. Then, we will explore the exciting world of unsupervised learning by applying K-means clustering. This technique allows us to identify patterns within the data and group similar instances together, leading to valuable insights into the characteristics of different concrete samples. To determine the optimal number of clusters within the data, we will introduce evaluation methods such as the elbow method. We will then visualize the clusters using scatter plots or other appropriate techniques, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding of their distribution and distinct groups. Next, we will we employed various machine learning models to predict the clusters in the dataset. These models included Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Adaboost, Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient Boosting (LGBM), Catboost, and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). The metrics used are Accuracy: it measures the proportion of correctly classified instances out of the total number of instances. It provides an overall assessment of how well the model predicts the correct cluster memberships.; Recall: it, also known as sensitivity or true positive rate, measures the ability of the model to correctly identify instances belonging to a particular cluster. It is the ratio of true positives to the sum of true positives and false negatives.; Precision: it measures the ability of the model to correctly identify instances belonging to a specific cluster, without including any false positives. It is the ratio of true positives to the sum of true positives and false positives.; F1-score: it is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, providing a balanced measure of model performance. It is useful when the dataset is imbalanced, as it considers both false positives and false negatives.; Macro average (macro avg): it calculates the average performance of the model across all clusters by simply averaging the metric values for each cluster. It treats all clusters equally, regardless of their sizes.; and Weighted average (weighted avg): it calculates the average performance of the model across all clusters, taking into account the size of each cluster. It is calculated by weighting each cluster's metric value by its support, which is the number of instances in that cluster. These metrics help evaluate the model's ability to predict cluster memberships accurately. Accuracy measures the overall correctness of the predictions, while recall and precision focus on the model's performance in correctly assigning instances to specific clusters. Macro average and weighted average provide a summary of model performance across all clusters, considering both individual cluster performance and cluster sizes. By analyzing these metrics, we can assess the model's effectiveness in predicting clusters and compare the performance of different machine learning models. By the end of this book, you will have gained valuable insights into how machine learning can be leveraged to analyze and predict the compressive strength of concrete. Get ready to embark on an exciting journey into the world of concrete analysis and prediction with machine learning!
FOUR PROJECTS: PREDICTION AND FORECASTING USING MACHINE LEARNING WITH PYTHON
PROJECT 1: GOLD PRICE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING USING MACHINE LEARNING WITH PYTHON The challenge of this project is to accurately predict the future adjusted closing price of Gold ETF across a given period of time in the future. The problem is a regression problem, because the output value which is the adjusted closing price in this project is continuous value. Data for this study is collected from November 18th 2011 to January 1st 2019 from various sources. The data has 1718 rows in total and 80 columns in total. Data for attributes, such as Oil Price, Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 index, Dow Jones Index US Bond rates (10 years), Euro USD exchange rates, prices of precious metals Silver and Platinum and other metals such as Palladium and Rhodium, prices of US Dollar Index, Eldorado Gold Corporation and Gold Miners ETF were gathered. The dataset has 1718 rows in total and 80 columns in total. Data for attributes, such as Oil Price, Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 index, Dow Jones Index US Bond rates (10 years), Euro USD exchange rates, prices of precious metals Silver and Platinum and other metals such as Palladium and Rhodium, prices of US Dollar Index, Eldorado Gold Corporation and Gold Miners ETF were gathered. To perform forecasting based on regression adjusted closing price of gold, you will use: Linear Regression, Random Forest regression, Decision Tree regression, Support Vector Machine regression, Naïve Bayes regression, K-Nearest Neighbor regression, Adaboost regression, Gradient Boosting regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting regression, Light Gradient Boosting regression, Catboost regression, and MLP regression. The machine learning models used predict gold daily returns as target variable are K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic Regression classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Support Vector Machine classifier, LGBM classifier, Gradient Boosting classifier, XGB classifier, MLP classifier, and Extra Trees classifier. Finally, you will plot boundary decision, distribution of features, feature importance, predicted values versus true values, confusion matrix, learning curve, performance of the model, and scalability of the model. PROJECT 2: WIND POWER ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING USING MACHINE LEARNING WITH PYTHON Renewable energy remains one of the most important topics for a sustainable future. Wind, being a perennial source of power, could be utilized to satisfy our power requirements. With the rise of wind farms, wind power forecasting would prove to be quite useful. It contains various weather, turbine and rotor features. Data has been recorded from January 2018 till March 2020. Readings have been recorded at a 10-minute interval. A longterm wind forecasting technique is thus required. The attributes in the dataset are as follows: ActivePower, AmbientTemperature, BearingShaftTemperature, Blade1PitchAngle, Blade2PitchAngle, Blade3PitchAngle, ControlBoxTemperature, GearboxBearingTemperature, GearboxOilTemperature, GeneratorRP, GeneratorWinding1Temperature, GeneratorWinding2Temperature, HubTemperature, MainBoxTemperature, NacellePosition, ReactivePower, RotorRPM, TurbineStatus, WTG, WindDirection, and WindSpeed. To perform forecasting based on regression active power, you will use: Linear Regression, Random Forest regression, Decision Tree regression, Support Vector Machine regression, Naïve Bayes regression, K-Nearest Neighbor regression, Adaboost regression, Gradient Boosting regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting regression, Light Gradient Boosting regression, Catboost regression, and MLP regression. To perform clustering, you will use K-Means algorithm. The machine learning models used predict categorized active power as target variable are K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic Regression classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Support Vector Machine classifier, LGBM classifier, Gradient Boosting classifier, XGB classifier, and MLP classifier. Finally, you will plot boundary decision, distribution of features, feature importance, cross validation score, and predicted values versus true values, confusion matrix, learning curve, performance of the model, scalability of the model, training loss, and training accuracy. PROJECT 3: MACHINE LEARNING FOR CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION WITH PYTHON Concrete is the most important material in civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a highly nonlinear function of age and ingredients. These ingredients include cement, blast furnace slag, fly ash, water, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate. The actual concrete compressive strength (MPa) for a given mixture under a specific age (days) was determined from laboratory. This dataset is in raw form (not scaled). There are 1030 observations, 9 attributes, 8 quantitative input variables, and 1 quantitative output variable in dataset. The attributes in the dataset are as follows: Cement (component 1); Blast Furnace Slag (component 2); Fly Ash (component 3); Water (component 4); Superplasticizer (component 5); Coarse Aggregate; Fine Aggregate (component 7); Age; and Concrete compressive strength. To perform regression on concrete compressive strength, you will use: Linear Regression, Random Forest regression, Decision Tree regression, Support Vector Machine regression, Naïve Bayes regression, K-Nearest Neighbor regression, Adaboost regression, Gradient Boosting regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting regression, Light Gradient Boosting regression, Catboost regression, and MLP regression. To perform clustering, you will use K-Means algorithm. The machine learning models used predict clusters as target variable are K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic Regression classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Support Vector Machine classifier, LGBM classifier, Gradient Boosting classifier, XGB classifier, and MLP classifier. Finally, you will plot boundary decision, distribution of features, feature importance, cross validation score, and predicted values versus true values, confusion matrix, learning curve, performance of the model, scalability of the model, training loss, and training accuracy. PROJECT 4: DATA SCIENCE FOR SALES ANALYSIS, FORECASTING, CLUSTERING, AND PREDICTION WITH PYTHON The dataset used in this project is from Walmart which is a renowned retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets. Walmart has provided a data combining of 45 stores including store information and monthly sales. The data is provided on weekly basis. Walmart tries to find the impact of holidays on the sales of store. For which it has included four holidays’ weeks into the dataset which are Christmas, Thanksgiving, Super bowl, Labor Day. In this project, you are going to analyze, forecast weekly sales, perform clustering, and predict the resulting clusters. The dataset covers sales from 2010-02-05 to 2012-11-01. Following are the attributes in the dataset: Store - the store number; Date - the week of sales; Weekly_Sales - sales for the given store; Holiday_Flag - whether the week is a special holiday week 1 – Holiday week 0 – Non-holiday week; Temperature - Temperature on the day of sale; Fuel_Price - Cost of fuel in the region; CPI – Prevailing consumer price index; and Unemployment - Prevailing unemployment rate. To perform regression on weekly sales, you will use: Linear Regression, Random Forest regression, Decision Tree regression, Support Vector Machine regression, Naïve Bayes regression, K-Nearest Neighbor regression, Adaboost regression, Gradient Boosting regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting regression, Light Gradient Boosting regression, Catboost regression, and MLP regression. To perform clustering, you will use K-Means algorithm. The machine learning models used predict clusters as target variable are K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic Regression classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Support Vector Machine classifier, LGBM classifier, Gradient Boosting classifier, XGB classifier, and MLP classifier. Finally, you will plot boundary decision, distribution of features, feature importance, cross validation score, and predicted values versus true values, confusion matrix, learning curve, performance of the model, scalability of the model, training loss, and training accuracy.
GOOGLE STOCK PRICE: TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS, VISUALIZATION, FORECASTING, AND PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING WITH PYTHON GUI
Google, officially known as Alphabet Inc., is an American multinational technology company. It was founded in September 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University. Initially, it started as a research project to develop a search engine, but it rapidly grew into one of the largest and most influential technology companies in the world. Google is primarily known for its internet-related services and products, with its search engine being its most well-known offering. It revolutionized the way people access information by providing a fast and efficient search engine that delivers highly relevant results. Over the years, Google expanded its portfolio to include a wide range of products and services, including Google Maps, Google Drive, Gmail, Google Docs, Google Photos, Google Chrome, YouTube, and many more. In addition to its internet services, Google ventured into hardware with products like the Google Pixel smartphones, Google Home smart speakers, and Google Nest smart home devices. It also developed its own operating system called Android, which has become the most widely used mobile operating system globally. Google's success can be attributed to its ability to monetize its services through online advertising. The company introduced Google AdWords, a highly successful online advertising program that enables businesses to display ads on Google's search engine and other websites through its AdSense program. Advertising contributes significantly to Google's revenue, along with other sources such as cloud services, app sales, and licensing fees. The dataset used in this project starts from 19-Aug-2004 and is updated till 11-Oct-2021. It contains 4317 rows and 7 columns. The columns in the dataset are Date, Open, High, Low, Close, Adj Close, and Volume. You can download the dataset from https://viviansiahaan.blogspot.com/2023/06/google-stock-price-time-series-analysis.html. In this project, you will involve technical indicators such as daily returns, Moving Average Convergence-Divergence (MACD), Relative Strength Index (RSI), Simple Moving Average (SMA), lower and upper bands, and standard deviation. In this book, you will learn how to perform forecasting based on regression on Adj Close price of Google stock price, you will use: Linear Regression, Random Forest regression, Decision Tree regression, Support Vector Machine regression, Naïve Bayes regression, K-Nearest Neighbor regression, Adaboost regression, Gradient Boosting regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting regression, Light Gradient Boosting regression, Catboost regression, MLP regression, Lasso regression, and Ridge regression. The machine learning models used to predict Google daily returns as target variable are K-Nearest Neighbor classifier, Random Forest classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic Regression classifier, Decision Tree classifier, Support Vector Machine classifier, LGBM classifier, Gradient Boosting classifier, XGB classifier, MLP classifier, and Extra Trees classifier. Finally, you will develop GUI to plot boundary decision, distribution of features, feature importance, predicted values versus true values, confusion matrix, learning curve, performance of the model, and scalability of the model.