Investigating Patterns Of Parallel Genetic Change In Repeated Adaptation
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Investigating Patterns of Parallel Genetic Change in Repeated Adaptation
In contrast with D. melanogaster, which segregates functionally distinct variants in Adh that represent local adaptation to climate, D. americana segregates little variation. This is surprising, especially because Adh of D. americana is found near a polymorphic chromosomal rearrangement that does segregate geographically-structured alleles across the species' range. In Chapter 4, I report similarities at the Phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus in the two species, including a shared excess of nonsynonymous variants and the presence of clinal alleles. However, while variation at Pgm of D. melanogaster is proposed to underlie local adaptation, variation at Pgm of D. americana appears to be predominantly neutral. In Chapter 5, I investigate the role of positive selection in sequence evolution in the D. americana homologs of a group of genes thought to underlie local adaptation to climate in D. melanogaster . The two species share a large geographic range and exhibit levels of sequence variation that indicate a similar effective population size, but D. melanogaster appears to undergo more frequent fixation of advantageous alleles. Approximately half of all amino acid divergence in D. melanogaster is attributable to positive selection, but I find no signs of positive selection in the investigated genes in D. americana . Overall, the results reveal little or no parallel evolution at the single genes analyzed. This lack of parallel evolution is likely a result of the high complexity of adaptation to climate as well as contingency.
Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology
Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology, Four Volume Set is the definitive go-to reference in the field of evolutionary biology. It provides a fully comprehensive review of the field in an easy to search structure. Under the collective leadership of fifteen distinguished section editors, it is comprised of articles written by leading experts in the field, providing a full review of the current status of each topic. The articles are up-to-date and fully illustrated with in-text references that allow readers to easily access primary literature. While all entries are authoritative and valuable to those with advanced understanding of evolutionary biology, they are also intended to be accessible to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Broad topics include the history of evolutionary biology, population genetics, quantitative genetics; speciation, life history evolution, evolution of sex and mating systems, evolutionary biogeography, evolutionary developmental biology, molecular and genome evolution, coevolution, phylogenetic methods, microbial evolution, diversification of plants and fungi, diversification of animals, and applied evolution. Presents fully comprehensive content, allowing easy access to fundamental information and links to primary research Contains concise articles by leading experts in the field that ensures current coverage of each topic Provides ancillary learning tools like tables, illustrations, and multimedia features to assist with the comprehension process
Chance in Evolution
Author: Grant Ramsey
language: en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date: 2016-10-25
This illuminating volume explores the effects of chance on evolution, covering diverse perspectives from scientists, philosophers, and historians. The evolution of species, from single-celled organisms to multicellular animals and plants, is the result of a long and highly chancy history. But how profoundly has chance shaped life on earth? And what, precisely, do we mean by chance? Bringing together biologists, philosophers of science, and historians of science, Chance in Evolution is the first book to untangle the far-reaching effects of chance, contingency, and randomness on the evolution of life. The book begins by placing chance in historical context, starting with the ancients and moving through Darwin to contemporary biology. It documents the shifts in our understanding of chance as Darwin’s theory of evolution developed into the modern synthesis, and how the acceptance of chance in Darwinian theory affected theological resistance to it. Other chapters discuss how chance relates to the concepts of genetic drift, mutation, and parallel evolution—as well as recent work in paleobiology and the experimental evolution of microbes. By engaging in collaboration across biology, history, philosophy, and theology, this book offers a comprehensive overview both of the history of chance in evolution and of our current understanding of the impact of chance on life.