Indonesia Fire Code
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A Review of Fire Projects in Indonesia, 1982-1998
Fire in the wet tropical climate of Indonesia is not a new phenomenon. The ‘Great Fire of Borneo’ in 1982-83 was one of the worst fire events in recent decades. Small holders clearing land for cultivation were primarily blamed for starting fires that rapidly spread out of control. Subsequent fires linked to El Nino-Southern Oscilation occurred in 1987, 1991 1994 and most recently in 1997-98. The impact of the latest fire event is immense; estimates of the area burnt in 1997 vary between two and five million hectares (forest and non-forest), the number of people affected by smoke haze and fire at 75 million and the total economic costs in the region at as much as US$4.5 billion. The 1982-83 fires brought the issue to world attention. After 1992 three long-term projects were initiated with the objectives of management and monitoring of fires. These were the EU-Forest Fire Prevention and Control Project in Southern Sumatra (1995-1998), GTZ’s Integrated Forest Fire Management Project in East Kalimantan (1994-2000), and JICA’s Forest Fire Prevention and Management Project in Bogor, Jambi and West Kalimantan (1996-2001). In addition, the Indonesia-UK Tropical Forest Management Programme started in 1992 and comprised a number of components related to fires as part of its overall improved forest management objective. After the 1997 fires numerous short- and long-term fire projects were proposed and started. Others, such as the first phase of the WWF project and the ADB’s regional (RETA) and national (ADTA) projects, within a short time frame try to cover many aspects of fire problem such as socio-economic assessments, fire-fighting, area estimates, economic and policy assessments and ecological assessments. Representing a longer-term approach, CIFOR-ICRAF-UNESCO propose an in-depth study of the underlying causes and effects of fires. In addition to the international response Indonesia has several government agencies charged with the task of preventing, monitoring and controlling land and forest fires. Following the forest and land fires of 1994, the National Coordination Team for Land and Forest Fire Control was established in 1995. Interest in fire is only short-lived after a major fire event. Before the 1994 fires little attention was paid to the fire problem and missions mainly focussed on control and prevention of fires. Most of the new generation of fire projects established in 1997-98 address both issues.
International Environmental Laws Controlling Transboundary Atmospheric Pollution in Southeast Asia - Rajawali Pers
Author: Dr. Sukanda Husin, S.H., LL.M.
language: en
Publisher: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada
Release Date: 2023-07-07
The issue of global warming and global climate change as mainly caused by transboundary air pollutants has emerged since the middle of the 1970's. To some extent, the impacts of global warming and global climate change are still considered uncertain by a great many nations. However, several environmental catastrophes have been proved highly related to the release of certain noxious emissions creating global warming and global climate change. Global warming is presently one of the most threatening environmental issues facing the world. Although, the uncertainty of the issue is still high, the United Nations Organization, based on precautionary principle, concluded the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (hereinafter cited as the Ozone Convention), the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992. ASEAN has not done much to implement the Ozone Convention and the Climate Change Convention in the region. ASEAN tended to pass soft laws rather than hard laws to deal with transboundary atmospheric pollution, especially resulting from land and forest fires. The book is, therefore, necessary to examine a specific regional environmental policies and laws dealing with global warming and climate change in Southeast Asia. ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations), as a fairly big regional cooperation with a great many environmental problems, is chosen as examples on how a region implements international treaties coping with the issues of global warming and climate change and on what prospects a region might have in tackling the issues.
LIST OF ALL ISSUERS (769) ALREADY LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE PER JANUARY 2022
Buying shares either to invest in the short or long term or for trading only requires information on how the issuer or company places its shares on the IDX. Information regarding the type of business run by the issuer, ownership information and composition must at least be known by investors and traders or even prospective stock players who are still in the learning stage. This book briefly reveals the business background of all issuers listed on the IDX. As of January 2022, 769 issuers with 769 stock codes have been listed on the IDX from various industries.