Hydrometeor Parameters Determined From The Radar Data Of The Sams Rain Erosion Program
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Hydrometeor Parameters Determined from the Radar Data of the SAMS Rain Erosion Program
The traditional equations relating the radar reflectivity factor and the precipitation rate are reviewed. The hydrometeor and radar parameters involved in the AFCRL/SAMS program at Wallops Island, Virginia, are defined and the methods of measurement and correlation are explained. The hydrometeor regions and transition zones of the Wallops Island storms are discussed and the methods of computing the precipitation rate, the liquid-water-content, and the integral of the liquid-water-content along the trajectories of the SAMS missiles fired into the storms are demonstrated. A case example is presented to illustrate the details of the computational procedures. The uncertainties of the liquid-water-content values determined from radar measurements are assessed, to a first approximation. Size distribution information is also presented for the different types of hydrometeors, based on theoretical distribution functions.
Comparison Study of Models Used to Prescribe Hydrometeor Water Content Values
In this report, the calculation of riometer absorption during several PCA events of particular interest is presented. These calculations are based on earlier work in which an improved effective recombination coefficient was derived and an atmospheric model for (1) each month of the year, (2) day and night, and (3) 60 deg N and 90 deg N latitude was presented. In this report, the calculated values of riometer absorption are presented for 5 PCA events: 2 Nov. 69, 7 Mar. 70, 25 Jan. 71, 2 Sep. 71, and 3 Aug. 72. The calculated values of riometer absorption are compared with experimental values measured for both day and night conditions at Thule, Greenland. An approximate connection between riometer absorption and the square-root of the proton flux for nighttime conditions is presented. This relationship, which has previously been applied only for daytime conditions, is discussed both on a fundamental level and on the level of verification by comparison with experiment. In addition, the basic equation widely used to calculate riometer absorption is compared with the original Sen-Wyller result.
Microphysical Properties of a Large Scale Cloud System, 1-3 March 1978
This report describes the microphysical properties observed by a specially-instrumented C-130 while flying in portions of a large cloud system on 3 successive days in March 1978. Each of the flights was made slightly east of an upper level trough as it moved across the U.S. Horizontal sampling passes of 50 to 100 nm (93 to 186 km) in length were made at various levels from approximately 2 to 9 km above ground in portions of the cloud system that were relatively homogeneous horizontally and vertically. Particle spectra data from PMS 1-D spectrometers were averaged for consecutive 20-sec periods. On each of the 3 days the particles having the smallest mean size were observed at the highest levels flown and had median diameters near 100 micrometers. The calculated equivalent liquid water content from 7 to 9 km was near 0.0 1 g cu m. The total particle count was between 8,000 and 18,000 cu m over Arkansas and coastal Delaware, but was near 25,000 cu m over the mountains of New Mexico. Values of mass and particle size increased with particle distance fallen, by indicating growth by collective means. The largest equivalent liquid water content values were near 1 g cu m and were recorded in the large snow just above the freezing level. The form factor, a mathematical parameter, was found useful in studying particle spectra. Certain maxima and minima observed in several plotted spectra, especially those from 7-km altitude data, are suggested as being due to an aggregation mechanism. (Author).