Gradient Of Dreams
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Dream Reader
Author: Anthony Shafton
language: en
Publisher: State University of New York Press
Release Date: 1995-07-01
Dream Reader is a uniquely comprehensive survey of contemporary approaches to understanding and working with dreams. The general reader interested in exploring the world of dreams could not obtain a better introduction and grounding than from this book. Academic psychologists, therapists, and professional dreamworkers alike will find it to be an incomparable survey and sampling of the growing literature on dreaming. In Part I, Shafton summarizes sleep laboratory discoveries, then considers theories about dream generation and meaning that have arisen from these discoveries. Part II discusses major Euro-American schools of dream interpretation in the twentieth century: Freud, Jung, Existential, Cultural, and Gestalt. Also included are chapters dealing with various topics of interest: the dream styles of people of both genders, and of people with certain psychiatric diagnoses; non-interpretive approaches to dreamwork; dream incubation; lucid dreaming; dream re-entry; dreams of the blind; post-traumatic nightmares; and many more. Dream Reader provides an integrated review of the whole literature of dream psychology—the clinical, academic, and also the serious popular literature. It also presents sizeable extracts from the original sources for the reader's own critical evaluation.
Methodological Issues in Consciousness Research, volume II
Author: Axel Cleeremans
language: en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date: 2025-04-16
This Research Topic is the second volume of the Research Topic "Methodological Issues in Consciousness Research". Please see the first volume here. The simplest and perhaps the first notion of consciousness in the West as a “sentience or awareness of internal or external existence” was introduced in the Seventeenth century by the English physician Robert Fludd, though similar and even more refined notions of consciousness were developed centuries before in Indian philosophy and contemplative wisdom traditions. Because it permeates human existence in so many different ways, the study of consciousness is a profoundly interdisciplinary endeavour and engages disciplines such as philosophy (including Eastern philosophy), cognitive neuroscience, anthropology, psychiatry and psychopathology, and even physics. The study of consciousness may involve domains as diverse as perceptual awareness, cognition and metacognition, reasoning, executive control, theory of mind, self, sleep and dreaming, emotional competence, and empathy. It concerns both healthy (e.g., aging, meditation, spiritual experiences) and pathological conditions (e.g., epilepsy, neglect, and locked-in syndromes, minimally conscious states, anesthesia), and involves considerations operating at different time scales (e.g., evolution, development, expertise). Today, however, and despite almost thirty years of concerted interdisciplinary efforts, the nature and mechanisms of consciousness remain as elusive as ever. Theoretically, different conceptual frameworks aimed at characterizing both its functional and phenomenal aspects take sometimes radically different assumptions as their starting point but often fail to make sufficiently precise differential predictions to be falsifiable. While most recent views generally consider methods investigating human higher-order (reflective or access) consciousness, the theoretical and experimental foundations of primary (proto-) consciousness often remain vague and ignore evolutionary considerations. Influential distinctions, such as the distinction between phenomenal and access consciousness, between pre-reflective (minimal) and the reflective (narrative) self, between graded and all-or-none processing, or even between conscious and unconscious processing all remain unsettled or controversial. The field is also rife with methodological challenges and controversies, some of which remain largely unsolved. Questions such as how to best measure awareness or to how establish its absence; issues such as what kind of neuroscientific data would convincingly make it possible to isolate the neural correlates of consciousness or what types of confounds contaminate extant findings; challenges such as how to imagine crucial experiments that are sufficiently sensitive to falsify some theoretical proposals all need to be addressed in open, interdisciplinary dialogue. This Frontiers Research Topic is aimed at stimulating discussion about current methodological issues and trends in consciousness research. We welcome theoretical and empirical contributions as well as empirical articles from both experts and young scientists who work in the field of consciousness research. Submissions of related hypotheses, original research articles, case reports, perspectives, reviews, opinions, and commentaries are welcome. We very much hope that this Frontiers Research Topic will contribute to enhancing our characterization and understanding of the methodological and conceptual challenges associated with the study of human consciousness.
William James
Author: Bruce Wilshire
language: en
Publisher: State University of New York Press
Release Date: 1984-06-30
The importance of this collection of writings of William James lies in the fact that it has been arranged to provide a systematic introduction to his major philosophical discoveries, and precisely to those doctrines and theories that are of most burning current interest. William James: The Essential Writings is a series of philosophical arguments on some of the most "obscure and head-cracking problems" in contemporary philosophy; the relation of thought to its object; the interrelationships between meaning and truth; the levels and structures of experience; the degrees of reality; the nature of the embodied self; the relation of ethics, aesthetics, and religious experience to man's strenuously and "heroically" active nature; and, above all, the structurization of the experienced life-world as the validating ground and origin of all theory; Bruce Wilshire has provided an introduction to William James's thought on these and other related points which is at once both substantial and subtle.