Fully Automatable Multidimensi
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Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology
In the last quarter century, advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have been at the forefront of efforts to map complex biological systems including the human metabolome, proteome, and microbiome. All of these developments have allowed MS to become a well-established molecular level technology for microorganism characterization. MS has demonstrated its considerable advantage as a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for microorganism identification, compared to conventional phenotypic techniques. In the last several years, applications of MS for microorganism characterization in research, clinical microbiology, counter-bioterrorism, food safety, and environmental monitoring have been documented in thousands of publications. Regulatory bodies in Europe, the US, and elsewhere have approved MS-based assays for infectious disease diagnostics. As of mid-2015, more than 3300 commercial MS systems for microorganism identification have been deployed worldwide in hospitals and clinical labs. While previous work has covered broader approaches in using MS to characterize microorganisms at the species level or above, this book focuses on strain-level and subtyping applications. In twelve individual chapters, innovators, leaders and practitioners in the field from around the world have contributed to a comprehensive overview of current and next-generation approaches for MS-based microbial characterization at the subspecies and strain levels. Chapters include up-to-date reference lists as well as web-links to databases, recommended software, and other useful tools. The emergence of new, antibiotic-resistant strains of human or animal pathogens is of extraordinary concern not only to the scientific and medical communities, but to the general public as well. Developments of novel MS-based assays for rapid identification of strains of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are reviewed in the book as well. Microbiologists, bioanalytical scientists, infectious disease specialists, clinical laboratory and public health practitioners as well as researchers in universities, hospitals, government labs, and the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries will find this book to be a timely and valuable resource.
Specification And Verification Of Systolic Arrays
Circuits and architectures have become more complex in terms of structure, interconnection topology, and data flow. Design correctness has become increasingly significant, as errors in design may result in strenuous debugging, or even in the repetition of a costly manufacturing process. Although circuit simulation has been used traditionally and widely as the technique for checking hardware and architectural designs, it does not guarantee the conformity of designs to specifications. Formal methods therefore become vital in guaranteeing the correctness of designs and have thus received a significant amount of attention in the CAD industry today.This book presents a formal method for specifying and verifying the correctness of systolic array designs. Such architectures are commonly found in the form of accelerators for digital signal, image, and video processing. These arrays can be quite complicated in topology and data flow. In the book, a formalism called STA is defined for these kinds of dynamic environments, with a survey of related techniques. A framework for specification and verification is established. Formal verification techniques to check the correctness of the systolic networks with respect to the algorithmic level specifications are explained. The book also presents a Prolog-based formal design verifier (named VSTA), developed to automate the verification process, as using a general purpose theorem prover is usually extremely time-consuming. Several application examples are included in the book to illustrate how formal techniques and the verifier can be used to automate proofs.
Practical Gas Chromatography
Gas chromatography continues to be one of the most widely used analytical techniques, since its applications today expand into fields such as biomarker research or metabolomics. This new practical textbook enables the reader to make full use of gas chromatography. Essential fundamentals and their implications for the practical work at the instrument are provided, as well as details on the instrumentation such as inlet systems, columns and detectors. Specialized techniques from all aspects of GC are introduced ranging from sample preparation, solvent-free injection techniques, and pyrolysis GC, to separation including fast GC and comprehensive GCxGC and finally detection, such as GC-MS and element-specific detection. Various fields of application such as enantiomer, food, flavor and fragrance analysis, physicochemical measurements, forensic toxicology, and clinical analysis are discussed as well as cutting-edge application in metabolomics is covered.