Eforth As Arduino Sketch
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EForth as Arduino Sketch
eForth as an Arduino Sketch Last year I decided to retire from electronics and microcontrollers. So I cleaned out my study and my garage, gave away all my tools and spare parts. I realized that I should not be a hardware engineer. I am only a programmer, and should just work on software. Then, when I visited my brother in Denver last summer, I saw that my niece was working on a couple of Arduino Boards. On an Arduino board, there was a microcontroller in a DIP socket! That was very interesting. When I came back, I bought a couple of Arduino Uno Boards, and have been working on them since. I had to buy back tools and many electronic parts and ate my vow to stay away from hardware. Arduino Uno is a lovely, small, cheap, and readily accessible microcontroller board. The operating system and the programming environment Arduino 0022 is a good match to the Arduino Uno Board. Through a single USB cable, you can upload programs from a PC to Arduino Uno, and then communicate with the Uno through the same cable using RS232 protocol. You write programs in C language as sketches in Arduino 0022, and the sketches are compiled and then uploaded to the ATmega328P microcontroller on Arduino Uno for execution. Sketches are C programs greatly simplified to the point that you just have to fill lines of code in the two following routines: setup() loop() All intricacies and complications in the C language and its associated compiler and linker are taken care of by the Arduino 0022 system. No wonder Arduino is such a huge success. FORTH is a programming language much better suited for microcontrollers than C. FORTH is really a programming language with a built-in operating system. It has an interpreter and a compiler so that you can write programs in small modules and interactively test and debug them. You can build large applications quickly and debug them thoroughly. FORTH also gives you access to all the hardware components in the microcontroller and all of the IO devices connected to the microcontroller. So, I ported a very simple FORTH model, 328eForth, over to the ATmega328P microcontroller. It was written in AVR assembly language, and had to be assembled in the AVR Studio 4 IDE from Atmel Corp, and then uploaded to ATmega328P through a separated AVRISP mkll programming cable. Once 328eForth is uploaded to ATmega328P, it can communicate with the PC through the Arduino USB cable. BUT, 328eForth cannot be uploaded through the USB cable, because Arduino 0022 requires a bootloader pre-loaded in the ATmega328P to upload sketches, and 328eForth must use the bootloader section of flash memory in ATmega328P to store commands which writes new code into the application section of the flash memory at run-time. For the serious FORTH programmer, a 328eForth system gives you the ultimate control over the ATmega328P microcontroller. For the much larger Arduino user community, we need a FORTH implementation which is compatible with the Arduino 0022 system. Here is my solution: ceForth_328. It is written in C as a sketch. It can be compiled and uploaded by Arduino 0022. Once it is uploaded to the Atmega328P microcontroller, it communicates with the PC through the Arduino USB cable. However, new FORTH commands are compiled only into the RAM memory in ATmega328P. You have only about 1.5 KB of RAM memory to store new commands, and when you turn off Arduino Uno, these new commands are lost. In spite of these limitations, ceForth_328 is still a very useful system. You can learn FORTH and use if to evaluate Arduino Uno for various applications. You can also use it to learn about the ATmega328P microcontroller, because it allows you to read and to write all the IO registers. Find the sketch and soon more at https: //wiki.forth-ev.de/doku.php/projects:430eforth: start#arduino_uno_und_arduino_nano
Arduino and EForth
Author: Chen-Hanson Ting
language: en
Publisher: Independently Published
Release Date: 2018-11-08
All these years, I have been looking for microcontroller platforms on which I can teach people how to program in the FORTH language. I designed a training course I called Firmware Engineering Workshop. I could train an open minded engineer to program in FORTH in about a week, with a reasonable capable platform, i.e., a microcontroller evaluation board with a FORTH operating system loaded. Good platforms are expansive, and low-cost platforms are inadequate. What I did was to grab any microcontroller board at hand and used it. It did not work well because what I taught could not be easily replicated by people at home. People got frustrated when they could not reproduce results I demonstrated. Then, I found the Arduino Uno Board. The microcontroller evaluation board I need must have a microcontroller with reasonable capabilities. An 8-bit microcontroller with a fast clock is adequate. 16-bit of 32-bit microcontrollers are of course much better. The board must have at least 8 KB of ROM memory and 1 KB of RAM memory. It must also have a USART port to communicate with a terminal emulator on a host PC. Any other I/O devices will be icings on the cake. The more the better. Arduino Uno has all of the components I listed above. It is also inexpensive, costing only $29. It uses ATmega328P, a very interesting microcontroller which has 32 KB of flash memory, enough to host a FORTH operating system, 2 KB of RAM and many I/O devices to build substantial applications. Arduino Uno also has a USB port which connects to a PC and an USART device in ATmega328P. This serial interface is necessary for a FORTH system so that you can run and program ATmega328P interactively from a terminal emulator on the PC - as the complete Forth is on the chip. Arduino Uno is a lovely machine. You connect it through a USB cable to your PC, and you can program it to do many interesting things. Its microcontroller ATmega328P, running at 16 MHz, is very capable of running many interesting applications. The template of a sketch, which is the software in Arduino 0022, captures the essence of firmware programming in casting user applications in two statements: setup() and loop(). It eliminates all the syntactic statements required by a normal C program and exposes to you only the core of an application. However, Arduino software insulates you from the intricate nature of ATmega328P microcontroller, its instruction set, and its I/O devices. Instead, you are given a library of useful routines which are used to build applications. The insulation initially helps you to program the microcontroller in a C-like high level programming language. However, being an 8 bit microcontroller, ATmega328P in C language will run out of gas when application demands performance. At this point, you will have to get down to the bare metal to push ATmega328P to its limit. Then, you have to learn its instruction set and all its I/O devices, and perhaps program it in assembly language. The best alternative approach is to program ATmega328P in the FORTH language. FORTH exposes ATmega328P to you. You can interactively examine its RAM memory, its flash memory, and all the I/O devices surrounding the CPU. You can incrementally add small pieces of code, and test them exhaustively. An interactive programming and debugging environment greatly accelerates program development, and ensures the quality of the program. Since 1990, I have been promoting a simple FORTH language model called eForth. This model consists of a kernel of 30 primitive FORTH commands which have to be implemented in machine instructions of a host microcontroller, and 190 compound FORTH commands constructed from the primitive commands and other compound commands. By isolating machine dependent commands from machine independent commands, the eForth model can be easily ported to many different microcontrollers. This model is ported to ATmega328P, and the result is the 328eForth system.
Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches
Author: Simon Monk
language: en
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Release Date: 2011-12-22
Program Arduino with ease! Using clear, easy-to-follow examples, Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches reveals the software side of Arduino and explains how to write well-crafted sketches using the modified C language of Arduino. No prior programming experience is required! The downloadable sample programs featured in the book can be used as-is or modified to suit your purposes. Understand Arduino hardware fundamentals Install the software, power it up, and upload your first sketch Learn C language basics Write functions in Arduino sketches Structure data using arrays and strings Use Arduino's digital and analog inputs and outputs in your programs Work with the Standard Arduino Library Write sketches that can store data Program LCD displays Use an Ethernet shield to enable Arduino to function as a web server Write your own Arduino libraries In December 2011, Arduino 1.0 was released. This changed a few things that have caused two of the sketches in this book to break. The change that has caused trouble is that the classes 'Server' and 'Client' have been renamed to 'EthernetServer' and 'EthernetClient' respectively. To fix this: Edit sketches 10-01 and 10-02 to replace all occurrences of the word 'Server' with 'EthernetServer' and all occurrences of 'Client' with 'EthernetClient'. Alternatively, you can download the modified sketches for 10-01 and 10-02 from here: http://www.arduinobook.com/arduino-1-0 Make Great Stuff! TAB, an imprint of McGraw-Hill Professional, is a leading publisher of DIY technology books for makers, hackers, and electronics hobbyists.