Ecology Of Atlantic Salmon And Brown Trout
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Ecology of Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout
Author: Bror Jonsson
language: en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date: 2011-05-03
Destruction of habitat is the major cause for loss of biodiversity including variation in life history and habitat ecology. Each species and population adapts to its environment, adaptations visible in morphology, ecology, behaviour, physiology and genetics. Here, the authors present the population ecology of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and how it is influenced by the environment in terms of growth, migration, spawning and recruitment. Salmonids appeared as freshwater fish some 50 million years ago. Atlantic salmon and brown trout evolved in the Atlantic basin, Atlantic salmon in North America and Europe, brown trout in Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. The species live in small streams as well as large rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal seas and oceans, with brown trout better adapted to small streams and less well adapted to feeding in the ocean than Atlantic salmon. Smolt and adult sizes and longevity are constrained by habitat conditions of populations spawning in small streams. Feeding, wintering and spawning opportunities influence migratory versus resident lifestyles, while the growth rate influences egg size and number, age at maturity, reproductive success and longevity. Further, early experiences influence later performance. For instance, juvenile behaviour influences adult homing, competition for spawning habitat, partner finding and predator avoidance. The abundance of wild Atlantic salmon populations has declined in recent years; climate change and escaped farmed salmon are major threats. The climate influences through changes in temperature and flow, while escaped farmed salmon do so through ecological competition, interbreeding and the spreading of contagious diseases. The authors pinpoint essential problems and offer suggestions as to how they can be reduced. In this context, population enhancement, habitat restoration and management are also discussed. The text closes with a presentation of what the authors view as major scientific challenges in ecological research on these species.
Quantitative Ecology and the Brown Trout
Author: John Malcolm Elliott
language: en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date: 1994
This book provides, for the first time, a synthesis of quantitative information on the ecology of the brown trout, including seatrout, and comparisons with closely related species such as Atlantic salmon, Pacific salmon, and rainbow trout. Much of this work, especially the case studies, is relevant to general problems in quantitative animal ecology as well as to fisheries management. One theme emphasized throughout is the development, testing, and use of realistic mathematical models as important tools for consecration and management of fish and other animals. The first eight chapters deal with: the global success of the polytypic brown trout; growth and energetics; natural selection and genetic differences between individuals and populations; population dynamics of both adults and juveniles; and detailed case studies of one sea-trout population in the English Lake District. The ninth chapter highlights the main conclusions that can be drawn from the earlier chapters and identifies remaining major gaps in knowledge. This volume will be of interest to all students of population ecology and fish biology, and especially to biologists engaged in managing fisheries. Few books illustrate so well the value of long-term studies in ecology.
The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout
Few subjects have generated as much emotional dialogue around conflicting scientific and policy agendas as the protection and management of Pacific salmon resources. In this major new work, esteemed fisheries expert Thomas Quinn distills from the vast scientific literature the essential information on the behaviour and ecology of Pacific salmon, including steelhead and cutthroat trout. Unlike other books that examine only selected life stages, habitats, or species, this book – richly illustrated with beautiful photographs and original artwork – thoroughly covers the complete life cycle, emphasizing common themes and differences among the various species of salmon. Representing the range of species and geographic regions, Quinn includes examples from classic studies by pioneers of salmon biology and from the most current research in order to illustrate the important features of salmon life history and behaviour and the complex physical, biological, and human factors that affect them. He introduces salmon and trout as a group, with a brief description of each species, and compares them to other fishes. The book then follows salmon on their amazing homeward migration from the open ocean, through the complex coastal waters, upstream to the precise location where they were spawned years earlier. The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout explains the patterns of mate choice, the competition for nest sites, and the fate of the salmon after their death. It describes the lives of offspring during the months they spend incubating in gravel, growing in fresh water, and migrating out to sea to mature. Quinn emphasizes the importance of salmon to humans and natural ecosystems and the need to integrate sound biology into conservation efforts. This thorough, up-to-date survey should be on the shelf of everyone with a professional or personal interest in Pacific salmon and trout. Written in a technically accurate but engaging style, it will appeal to a wide range of readers, including students, anglers, biologists, conservationists, legislators, and armchair naturalists.