Drifter Star Evolution

Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process

From guppies to Galapagos finches and from adaptive landscapes to haldanes, this compilation of contributed works provides reviews, perspectives, theoretical models, statistical developments, and empirical demonstrations exploring the tempo and mode of microevolution on contemporary to geological time scales. New developments, and reviews, of classic and novel empirical systems demonstrate the strength and diversity of evolutionary processes producing biodiversity within species. Perspectives and theoretical insights expand these empirical observations to explore patterns and mechanisms of microevolution, methods for its quantification, and implications for the evolution of biodiversity on other scales. This diverse assemblage of manuscripts is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and advanced undergraduates who desire a timely synthesis of current knowledge, an illustration of exciting new directions, and a springboard for future investigations in the study of microevolution in the wild.

Principle of Dynamic Gravitation

The research presented in this book builds upon Newton’s foundational contributions to classical physics and extends these principles to encompass planets, galaxies, and the cosmos. The theory of dynamic gravitation offers general principles to address unresolved issues in classical physics, including galaxy rotation curves, gravitational wells, gravitational lensing, expansion of the universe, missing mass, galaxy evolution and precession, mechanism of system interactions (tidal tails, stellar evaporation, bullet clusters, and starburst galaxy), and formation of galactic and cosmic structures (spiral arm, annular configuration, Hoag’s object, central bar, barlens, boxy-peanut-X structure, Cartwheel galaxy, shell galaxy, dwarf galaxy, elliptical galaxies, superclusters, cosmic voids, and cosmological webs).

The root cause of dynamic gravitation is examined. Dynamic gravitation does not incorporate dark matter, dark energy, relativistic effects, or empirical modifications. In the presence of distributed mass, activities such as mass loss from radiation, repositioning of celestial bodies, and angular momentum exchange within a system transform an inertial system into an accelerating system, where dynamic gravitation arises.

The internal mechanisms of radial and rotational motions are elucidated. For any given celestial body, the equivalent central point mass, angular momentum, and radial migration are mathematically correlated and governed by the radial migration law. Upon application of the radial migration law, along with mass loss due to radiation, to an entire galaxy, a watershed emerges, dividing the galactic structure into dipolar radial displacements and bipolar angular acceleration fields. Consequently, the galaxy evolves into two global migration zones, comprising the converging and diverging territories. This watershed mechanism drives the evolution of a galaxy and is responsible for a range of phenomena.

Angular momentum transfer is explicated. Spiral structures generate gravitational force-chains along their arclengths. These force-chains partially or completely counteract the bipolar spiral accelerations, thereby facilitating the transfer of angular momentum. In addition, active galactic nuclei (AGN) lead to the formation of valleys, facilitating the transmission of angular momentum and contributing to radial local drift. This influence extends to the morphologies of spiral arms and various annular configurations.

The evolution of bulge structures is determined by orbital precession and conjugation. The watershed mechanism, along with AGN episodes, establishes the necessary mass gradients for orbital conjugation, which in turn coordinates the precession rates of relevant orbits. When stars within the bulge reach the second and higher orbital modes, or when local mass density and radial gradients are sufficient to double or triple the natural frequency of radial motions relative to angular natural frequency, structures resembling bars, boxes, peanuts, and X-shapes may emerge due to orbital conjugation.

The theory of watershed and valley allows for the formation of substantially larger structures than those predicted by both standard and modified cosmological models. Multiple-level watersheds with adjacent communal valleys construct a web structure, characterized by hierarchical extents of bipolar spiral acceleration fields and local central activities. The regulatory mechanisms operative at the galactic scale are influenced by galaxy radiation and nuclear activity. Given that a similar radiation pattern is observed on a universal scale, the concept of a cosmic watershed can be proposed. The radial migration of galaxies within the cosmic diverging territory, where the Local Universe is situated, is driven by the universe’s radiation landscape, offering evidence for the universe’s expansion without resorting to the concept of dark energy.

Protostars and Planets VI

Proceedings of a conference held in Heidelberg, Germany, July 15-20, 2013.