Download Logo Hut Ri 80 Cdr

The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations

One of the most vexing issues that has faced the international community since the end of the Cold War has been the use of force by the United Nations peacekeeping forces. UN intervention in civil wars, as in Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Rwanda, has thrown into stark relief the difficulty of peacekeepers operating in situations where consent to their presence and activities is fragile or incomplete and where there is little peace to keep. Complex questions arise in these circumstances. When and how should peacekeepers use force to protect themselves, to protect their mission, or, most troublingly, to ensure compliance by recalcitrant parties with peace accords? Is a peace enforcement role for peacekeepers possible or is this simply war by another name? Is there a grey zone between peacekeeping and peace enforcement? Trevor Findlay reveals the history of the use of force by UN peacekeepers from Sinai in the 1950s to Haiti in the 1990s. He untangles the arguments about the use of force in peace operations and sets these within the broader context of military doctrine and practice. Drawing on these insights the author examines proposals for future conduct of UN operations, including the formulation of UN peacekeeping doctrine and the establishment of a UN rapid reaction force.

Clifford Algebras with Numeric and Symbolic Computations

Clifford algebras are at a crossing point in a variety of research areas, including abstract algebra, crystallography, projective geometry, quantum mechanics, differential geometry and analysis. For many researchers working in this field in ma- thematics and physics, computer algebra software systems have become indispensable tools in theory and applications. This edited survey book consists of 20 chapters showing application of Clifford algebra in quantum mechanics, field theory, spinor calculations, projective geometry, Hypercomplex algebra, function theory and crystallography. Many examples of computations performed with a variety of readily available software programs are presented in detail, i.e., Maple, Mathematica, Axiom, etc. A key feature of the book is that it shows how scientific knowledge can advance with the use of computational tools and software.

The Garki Project