Discourse On Method Summary
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Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method
A systematic introduction to discourse analysis as a body of theories and methods for social research. Introduces three approaches and explains the distinctive philosophical premises and theoretical perspectives of each approach.
Rules for the Direction of the Mind
"Descartes is rightly considered the father of modern philosophy" - Schopenhauer A modern translation of Descartes' famous work "Rules for the Direction of the Mind". This edition contains a timeline of Descartes' life and works, a glossary of Cartesian terminology, and Afterword by the translator that explains the significance of Descartes' contributions to modern philosophy and science, particularly his method of skepticism and rationalism. This scholarly apparatus nests this work into Descartes' larger body of work and the place of his philosophy into the broader history of western ideology. Descartes' focus on clear, logical reasoning is a hallmark of his philosophy, and his influence on fields such as mathematics and physics is profound, with his work laying the foundation for later scientific advances. Here, Descartes lays out a method for approaching problems and seeking knowledge. The importance of this work lies in the fact that it established the scientific method as a way of investigating the world, and had a significant influence on the development of modern science. This work is one of the foundational texts of Western Philosophy according to Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Regulae ad directionem ingenii (sometimes translated Cartesian Discipline), represents Descartes' ambitious attempt to establish a universal method for attaining truth, though he never completed the planned 36 rules, stopping at 21. Written during his formative years in the Netherlands, this unfinished work lays out his vision for a unified scientific method based on mathematical reasoning, marking a decisive break from the Scholastic tradition that dominated European universities. The text articulates several key principles that would become foundational to Cartesian philosophy: the need to accept only clear and distinct ideas as true, the importance of breaking complex problems into simpler components, and the power of mathematical reasoning as a model for all rational inquiry. His emphasis on systematic doubt and methodical analysis emerges clearly here, though in a less radical form than in his later works. What makes the Regulae particularly fascinating is how it reveals Descartes wrestling with fundamental questions about human knowledge and understanding. Unlike his later works, which often begin with metaphysical foundations, the Regulae approaches epistemology through practical methodology - how can we reliably distinguish truth from falsehood? Here we see Descartes developing his characteristic focus on method over content, arguing that the right way of thinking matters more than accumulated knowledge. The text's unfinished state offers unique insights into his evolving thought, showing him working through problems that would later crystallize in the Discourse on Method and Meditations. The work remained unpublished during his lifetime, first appearing in a Dutch translation in 1684, but its influence can be traced through his subsequent writings. Written around 1628 but unpublished during his lifetime, this work outlines his approach to knowledge and scientific inquiry. In this treatise, Descartes presents 21 rules designed to guide the mind toward truth through a structured method of reasoning. Although incomplete, it laid the groundwork for his later development of the Cartesian method, which emphasized clarity, logical deduction, and the importance of starting with self-evident truths. The work was heavily influenced by mathematics, which Descartes admired for its certainty and precision. His central goal was to find a method that could apply the same level of rigor to all areas of human knowledge, not just mathematics. The Rules also highlight Descartes' break with scholasticism and his desire to reject traditional methods of inquiry based on authority and ancient texts. He advocates the direct use of reason and intuition, urging the thinker to discard unnecessary complexity and focus on simple, clear ideas that can be built upon. This work is significant because it marks the early development of Descartes' methodological skepticism, which he would later refine into his famous "cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) in his Meditations. The Rules represent a transitional phase in Descartes' thought, bridging the gap between Renaissance humanism and the systematic, analytical philosophy he would pioneer in the modern era.
Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis
This book is designed as an introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and gives an overview of the various theories and methods associated with this sociolinguistic approach. It also introduces the reader to the leading figures in CDA and the methods to which they are most closely related. The text aims to provide a comprehensive description of the individual methods, an understanding of the theories to which methods refer and a comparative treatment of each of these methods so that students may be able to determine which is the most appropriate to select for their particular research question. Given the balance between theory and application, plus the intended audience - no previous knowledge of CDA is assumed - Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis should be useful reading for both students and researchers in the fields of linguistics, sociology, social psychology and the social sciences in general.