Contentious Integration
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Contentious Integration
The Asian-Pacific is now one of the most important regions in the global system, where the interplay of integrative economic, geo-political and sociocultural processes provide increasing scope for regional leadership to be exercised, particularly by China and Japan. This book studies the relationship between the People's Republic of China and Japan as the basis of the construction and maintenance of economic and security arrangements in this region. It explains how these arrangements have been challenged by the occasionally testy ties between these two major Asian powers and explores their dynamic interactions in promoting their own agenda and ambitions, and obstructing that of the other's in contending for leadership of East Asia. In so doing, it highlights the complex interdependence and competitiveness of China and Japan, with careful observation from the United States. This book provides practical guidance for foreign policymaking in China, Japan and the United States, and makes theoretical inferences for the study of Sino-Japanese relations, regional integration and international relations generally.
National Integration and Contested Autonomy
The indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples along Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast, once colonized by the British, have long sought to establish their autonomy vis-à-vis the dominant Spanish-influenced regions of the Pacific coast. The book provides a wide overview of the autonomy process by looking at the historical background of autonomy, claims to land and language rights, and land demarcation and communal forestry projects. This book seeks to satisfy the globally emerging interest in the idea of autonomy and bi-zonality as an effective mechanism of conflict resolution and protection of minority rights. The post-Cold War era has witnessed a resurgence of conflictive ethnic and secessionist politics that has placed the taken-for-granted primacy of unitary, sovereign nation-states into question. Along with cases such as Cyprus, Northern Ireland, and the Basque regions of Spain, Nicaragua sought to resolve prolonged and protracted ethnic conflict, issues of minority rights to self-determination, and questions concerning the sovereignty of national states, through an autonomy process that extended beyond a narrow political settlement to include the exercise of cultural rights and control of local resources. Autonomy on Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast remains highly contested, being simultaneously characterized by progress, setbacks and violent confrontation within a number of fields and involving a multiplicity of actors; local, national and global. This experience offers critical lessons for efforts around the world that seek to resolve long-established and deep-seated ethnic conflict by attempting to reconcile the need for development, usually fostered by national governments, with the protection of minority rights advocated by marginalized minorities living within nation states.
Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States
Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond considering diasporas as groups. The book develops a novel typology of four types of diaspora entrepreneurs - Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved - depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland (de facto states) and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, critical events, or limited global influences to produce varying levels of contention. Non-contentious pathways often take place when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the goals of diaspora entrepreneurs, and when they act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. The book is informed by long-term fieldwork and 300 interviews, and based on a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas connected to de facto states, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Palestine respectively. Interviews were conducted in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.