Class 6 Chapter 12 Science Notes Consolidated Pdf

Download Class 6 Chapter 12 Science Notes Consolidated Pdf PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Class 6 Chapter 12 Science Notes Consolidated Pdf book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages.
Earth Science Questions and Answers PDF

The Earth Science Quiz Questions and Answers PDF: Earth Science Competitive Exam Questions & Chapter 1-26 Practice Tests (Class 8-12 Earth Science Textbook Questions for Beginners) includes revision guide for problem solving with hundreds of solved questions. Earth Science Questions and Answers PDF book covers basic concepts, analytical and practical assessment tests. "Earth Science Quiz" PDF book helps to practice test questions from exam prep notes. The Earth Science Quiz Questions and Answers PDF eBook includes revision guide with verbal, quantitative, and analytical past papers, solved tests. Earth Science Objective Questions and Answers PDF: Free Download chapter 1, a book covers solved common questions and answers on chapters: Agents of erosion and deposition, atmosphere composition, atmosphere layers, earth atmosphere, earth models and maps, earth science and models, earthquakes, energy resources, minerals and earth crust, movement of ocean, oceanography: ocean water, oceans exploration, oceans of world, planets facts, planets for kids, plates tectonics, restless earth: plate tectonics, rocks and minerals mixtures, solar system for kids, solar system formation, space astronomy, space science, stars galaxies and universe, tectonic plates for kids, temperature, weather and climate tests for school and college revision guide. Science Interview Questions and Answers PDF Download, free eBook’s sample covers beginner's solved questions, textbook's study notes to practice online tests. The Earth Science Interview Questions Chapter 1-26 PDF book includes high school question papers to review practice tests for exams. Earth Science Practice Tests, a textbook's revision guide with chapters' tests for NEET/Jobs/Entry Level competitive exam. Earth Science Questions Bank Chapter 1-26 PDF book covers problem solving exam tests from science textbook and practical eBook chapter-wise as: Chapter 1: Agents of Erosion and Deposition Questions Chapter 2: Atmosphere Composition Questions Chapter 3: Atmosphere Layers Questions Chapter 4: Earth Atmosphere Questions Chapter 5: Earth Models and Maps Questions Chapter 6: Earth Science and Models Questions Chapter 7: Earthquakes Questions Chapter 8: Energy Resources Questions Chapter 9: Minerals and Earth Crust Questions Chapter 10: Movement of Ocean Water Questions Chapter 11: Oceanography: Ocean Water Questions Chapter 12: Oceans Exploration Questions Chapter 13: Oceans of World Questions Chapter 14: Planets Facts Questions Chapter 15: Planets Questions Chapter 16: Plates Tectonics Questions Chapter 17: Restless Earth: Plate Tectonics Questions Chapter 18: Rocks and Minerals Mixtures Questions Chapter 19: Solar System Questions Chapter 20: Solar System Formation Questions Chapter 21: Space Astronomy Questions Chapter 22: Space Science Questions Chapter 23: Stars Galaxies and Universe Questions Chapter 24: Tectonic Plates Questions Chapter 25: Temperature Questions Chapter 26: Weather and Climate Questions The Agents of Erosion and Deposition Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 1 interview questions and answers on Glacial deposits types, angle of repose, glaciers and landforms carved, physical science, rapid mass movement, and slow mass movement. The Atmosphere Composition Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 2 interview questions and answers on Composition of atmosphere, layers of atmosphere, energy in atmosphere, human caused pollution sources, ozone hole, wind, and air pressure. The Atmosphere Layers Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 3 interview questions and answers on Layers of atmosphere, earth layers formation, human caused pollution sources, and primary pollutants. The Earth Atmosphere Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 4 interview questions and answers on Layers of atmosphere, energy in atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and temperature, air pollution and human health, cleaning up air pollution, global winds, human caused pollution sources, ozone hole, physical science, primary pollutants, solar energy, wind, and air pressure, and winds storms. The Earth Models and Maps Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 5 interview questions and answers on Introduction to topographic maps, earth maps, map projections, earth surface mapping, azimuthal projection, direction on earth, earth facts, earth system science, elements of elevation, equal area projections, equator, flat earth sphere, flat earth theory, Geographic Information System (GIS), GPS, latitude, longitude, modern mapmaking, north and south pole, planet earth, prime meridian, remote sensing, science experiments, science projects, topographic map symbols, and Venus. The Earth Science and Models Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 6 interview questions and answers on Branches of earth science, geology science, right models, climate models, astronomy facts, black smokers, derived quantities, geoscience, international system of units, mathematical models, measurement units, meteorology, metric conversion, metric measurements, oceanography facts, optical telescope, physical quantities, planet earth, science experiments, science formulas, SI systems, temperature units, SI units, types of scientific models, and unit conversion. The Earthquakes Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 7 interview questions and answers on Earthquake forecasting, earthquake strength and intensity, locating earthquake, faults: tectonic plate boundaries, seismic analysis, and seismic waves. The Energy Resources Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 8 interview questions and answers on Energy resources, alternative resources, conservation of natural resources, fossil fuels sources, nonrenewable resources, planet earth, renewable resources, atom and fission, chemical energy, combining atoms: fusion, earth science facts, earth's resource, fossil fuels formation, fossil fuels problems, science for kids, science projects, and types of fossil fuels. The Minerals and Earth Crust Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 9 interview questions and answers on What is mineral, mineral structure, minerals and density, minerals and hardness, minerals and luster, minerals and streak, minerals color, minerals groups, mining of minerals, use of minerals, cleavage and fracture, responsible mining, rocks and minerals, and science formulas. The Movement of Ocean Water Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 10 interview questions and answers on Ocean currents, deep currents, science for kids, and surface currents. The Oceanography: Ocean Water Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 11 interview questions and answers on Anatomy of wave, lure of moon, surface current and climate, tidal variations, tides and topography, types of waves, wave formation, and movement. The Oceans Exploration Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 12 interview questions and answers on Exploring ocean, underwater vessels, benthic environment, benthic zone, living resources, nonliving resources, ocean pollution, save ocean, science projects, and three groups of marine life. The Oceans of World Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 13 interview questions and answers on ocean floor, global ocean division, ocean water characteristics, and revealing ocean floor. The Planets' Facts Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 14 interview questions and answers on Inner and outer solar system, earth and space, interplanetary distances, Luna: moon of earth, mercury, moon of planets, Saturn, and Venus. The Planets Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 15 interview questions and answers on Solar system, discovery of solar system, inner and outer solar system, asteroids, comets, earth and space, Jupiter, Luna: moon of earth, mars planet, mercury, meteoride, moon of planets, Neptune, radars, Saturn, Uranus, Venus, and wind storms. The Plates Tectonics Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 16 interview questions and answers on Breakup of tectonic plates boundaries, tectonic plates motion, tectonic plates, plate tectonics and mountain building, Pangaea, earth crust, earth interior, earth rocks deformation, earth rocks faulting, earth rocks folding, sea floor spreading, and Wegener continental drift hypothesis. The Restless Earth: Plate Tectonics Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 17 interview questions and answers on Composition of earth, earth crust, earth system science, and physical structure of earth. The Rocks and Minerals Mixtures Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 18 interview questions and answers on Metamorphic rock composition, metamorphic rock structures, igneous rock formation, igneous rocks: composition and texture, metamorphism, origins of igneous rock, origins of metamorphic rock, origins of sedimentary rock, planet earth, rock cycle, rocks classification, rocks identification, sedimentary rock composition, sedimentary rock structures, textures of metamorphic rock, earth science facts, earth shape, and processes,. The Solar System Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 19 interview questions and answers on Solar system formation, energy in sun, structure of sun, gravity, oceans and continents formation, revolution in astronomy, solar nebula, and ultraviolet rays. The Solar System Formation Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 20 interview questions and answers on Solar system formation, solar activity, solar nebula, earth atmosphere formation, earth system science, gravity, oceans and continents formation, revolution in astronomy, science formulas, and structure of sun. The Space Astronomy Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 21 interview questions and answers on Inner solar system, outer solar system, communication satellite, first satellite, first spacecraft, how rockets work, international space station, military satellites, remote sensing, rocket science, space shuttle, and weather satellites. The Space Science Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 22 interview questions and answers on Modern astronomy, early astronomy, Doppler Effect, modern calendar, non-optical telescopes, optical telescope, patterns on sky, science experiments, stars in night sky, telescopes, universe size, and scale. The Stars Galaxies and Universe Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 23 interview questions and answers on Types of galaxies, origin of galaxies, types of stars, stars brightness, stars classification, stars colors, stars composition, big bang theory, contents of galaxies, knowledge of stars, motion of stars, science experiments, stars: beginning and end, universal expansion, universe structure, and when stars get old. The Tectonic Plates Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 24 interview questions and answers on Tectonic plates, tectonic plate's boundaries, tectonic plate's motion, communication satellite, earth rocks deformation, earth rocks faulting, sea floor spreading, and Wegener continental drift hypothesis. The Temperature Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 25 interview questions and answers on Temperate zone, energy in atmosphere, humidity, latitude, layers of atmosphere, ocean currents, physical science, precipitation, sun cycle, tropical zone, and weather forecasting technology. The Weather and Climate Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 26 interview questions and answers on Weather forecasting technology, severe weather safety, air pressure and weather, asteroid impact, atmospheric pressure and temperature, cleaning up air pollution, climates of world, clouds, fronts, humidity, ice ages, large bodies of water, latitude, mountains, north and south pole, physical science, polar zone, precipitation, prevailing winds, radars, solar energy, sun cycle, temperate zone, thunderstorms, tropical zone, volcanic eruptions, and winds storms.
Class 7 Science Questions and Answers PDF

The Class 7 Science Quiz Questions and Answers PDF: 7th Grade Science Exam Questions for Beginners & Chapter 1-24 Practice Tests (Grade 7 Science Questions Bank to Ask in Job Interview) includes revision guide for problem solving with hundreds of solved questions. Class 7 Science Questions and Answers PDF book covers basic concepts, analytical and practical assessment tests. "Class 7 Science Quiz" PDF book helps to practice test questions from exam prep notes. The Grade 7 Science Quiz Questions and Answers PDF eBook includes revision guide with verbal, quantitative, and analytical past papers, solved tests. Class 7 Science Questions and Answers PDF: Free download chapter 1, a book covers solved common questions and answers on chapters: Atoms and atom model, atoms molecules and ions, digestive system, dispersion of light, electric circuits, electrical circuits and electric currents, elements and compounds, energy resources: science, feeding relationships and environment, forces effects, heat transfer, human transport system, importance of water, investigating space, mixtures, particle model of matter, physical and chemical changes, reproduction in plants, respiration and food energy, simple chemical reactions, solar system, solutions, sound waves, transportation in plants workbook for middle school exam's papers. Science Interview Questions and Answers PDF Download, free eBook’s sample covers beginner's solved questions, textbook's study notes to practice online tests. The Class 7 Science Interview Questions Chapter 1-24 PDF book includes middle school question papers to review practice tests for exams. Class 7 Science Practice Tests, a textbook's revision guide with chapters' tests for NEET/Jobs/Entry Level competitive exam. 7th Grade Science Questions Bank Chapter 1-24 PDF Book covers problems solving in self-assessment workbook from science textbook and practical eBook chapter-wise as: Chapter 1: Atoms and Atom Model Questions Chapter 2: Atoms Molecules and Ions Questions Chapter 3: Digestive System Questions Chapter 4: Dispersion of Light Questions Chapter 5: Electric Circuits Questions Chapter 6: Electrical Circuits and Electric Currents Questions Chapter 7: Elements and Compounds Questions Chapter 8: Energy Resources: Science Questions Chapter 9: Feeding Relationships and Environment Questions Chapter 10: Forces Effects Questions Chapter 11: Heat Transfer Questions Chapter 12: Human Transport System Questions Chapter 13: Importance of Water Questions Chapter 14: Investigating Space Questions Chapter 15: Mixtures Questions Chapter 16: Particle Model of Matter Questions Chapter 17: Physical and Chemical Changes Questions Chapter 18: Reproduction in Plants Questions Chapter 19: Respiration and Food Energy Questions Chapter 20: Simple Chemical Reactions Questions Chapter 21: Solar System Questions Chapter 22: Solutions Questions Chapter 23: Sound Waves Questions Chapter 24: Transportation in Plants Questions The Atoms and Atom Model Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 1 interview questions and answers on Atom structure, atoms and discovery, atoms and elements, chemical formulas, common ions, covalent bonds, electron levels, electrons and shells, inside an atom, ionic bonds, ions and bonding, mass number and isotopes, methane, photosynthesis process, science and radioisotopes, uses of radioisotopes, valencies and valency table. The Atoms Molecules and Ions Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 2 interview questions and answers on Chemical formulae of molecular element and compound, what is atom, what is ion, and what is molecule. The Digestive System Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 3 interview questions and answers on Digestion and absorption, digestion and digestive system, digestive process, digestive system disorders, digestive system problems, large molecules, and small molecules. The Dispersion of Light Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 4 interview questions and answers on Color subtraction, colors on screen, colors vision, concave lens, convex lens, introduction to light, light and filters, light and lenses, light and straight lines, mirages, mixing colored lights, primary colored lights, prisms and refraction, refraction of light, refractive index, and total internal reflection. The Electric Circuits Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 5 interview questions and answers on Electric current and units, electrical circuits, electrical resistance, electrical safety, and source of electrical energy. The Electrical Circuits and Electric Currents Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 6 interview questions and answers on Chemical effect of electric current, circuit diagrams, conductors and insulators, current and energy, earth wires, electric motors, electric resistance, electrical circuits and currents, electrical safety, electrical voltage, electricity billing, electrolysis, electrolytes, fuses and circuit breakers, heat and light: resistance, magnetic effect and electric current, resistors, series and parallel circuits, simple circuits, and uses of electromagnets. The Elements and Compounds Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 7 interview questions and answers on Compound formation, elements classification, properties of compound, uses of elements, what is compound, and what is element. The Energy Resources: Science Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 8 interview questions and answers on Fossil fuels, fuels and energy, how do living things use energy, and renewable energy resources. The Feeding Relationships and Environment Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 9 interview questions and answers on Adaptations to habitats, changing habitats, dependence of living things, energy transfers, feeding relationships and environment, food chains and food webs. The Forces Effects Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 10 interview questions and answers on Force measurement, frictional force, gravitational force and weight, upthrust and density, and what is force. The Heat Transfer Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 11 interview questions and answers on Applications of heat, convection current and weather, heat and temperature, heat transfer and convection, radiation and greenhouse effect, radiation and heat transfer, saving heat, and thermography. The Human Transport System Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 12 interview questions and answers on Arteries veins and capillaries, blood circulation, heart function, human heart, human pulse and pulse rate, transport system diseases, what are red blood cells, what are white blood cells, and what is blood. The Importance of Water Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 13 interview questions and answers on Animals plants and water, crops and irrigation, distillation, fresh water, geography: water supply, safe and drinking water, saving water, sewage system, water and life, water everywhere, and water treatment. The Investigating Space Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 14 interview questions and answers on Birth of sun, constellation, earth and universe, end of star light, equator and science, galaxies, how universe begin, investigating space, milky way galaxy, radio telescopes, solar system: sun, space stars, sun facts for kids, and telescopes. The Mixtures Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 15 interview questions and answers on Element compound and mixture, separating mixtures, and what is mixture. The Particle Model of Matter Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 16 interview questions and answers on Matter particle model, particle models for solids liquids and gases, physical states and changes. The Physical and Chemical Changes Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 17 interview questions and answers on Ammonia and fertilizers, burning fuels, chemical changes, endothermic reactions, iron and Sulphur, magnesium and oxygen, making ammonia, making plastics, methane, photosynthesis process, physical changes, polyethene, polythene, polyvinyl chloride, reversible reaction, solids liquids and gases. The Reproduction in Plants Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 18 interview questions and answers on Asexual reproduction, fertilization, parts of flower, plant sexual reproduction, pollens and pollination, pollination by birds, pollination chart, reproduction in plants, seed germination, seeds and seed dispersal. The Respiration and Food Energy Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 19 interview questions and answers on Air moist, warm and clean, how we breathe, human respiration, respiratory diseases, and respiratory system diseases. The Simple Chemical Reactions Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 20 interview questions and answers on Physical and chemical change. The Solar System Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 21 interview questions and answers on Artificial satellites and science, eclipse, equator and science, seasons on earth, solar system facts, sun earth and moon, universe and solar system. The Solutions Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 22 interview questions and answers on Acids and alkalis, solubility, solutes solvents and solution. The Sound Waves Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 23 interview questions and answers on All around sounds, frequency and pitch, musical instruments, musics and musical sound, sound absorption, sound and vacuum, sound waves and echoes, sound waves and noise, speed of sound, ultrasound, vibrations and sound waves, volume and amplitude, and waves of energy. The Transportation in Plants Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 24 interview questions and answers on Mineral salts and roots, phloem and xylem importance, photosynthesis process, plant transpiration, structure of plant root, structure of plant stem, transport of food, transport of gases, water and plants.
Molecular Biology Questions and Answers PDF

The Molecular Biology Quiz Questions and Answers PDF: Molecular Biology Competitive Exam Questions & Chapter 1-19 Practice Tests (Class 8-12 Biology Textbook Questions for Beginners) includes revision guide for problem solving with hundreds of solved questions. Molecular Biology Questions and Answers PDF book covers basic concepts, analytical and practical assessment tests. "Molecular Biology Quiz" PDF book helps to practice test questions from exam prep notes. The Molecular Biology Quiz Questions and Answers PDF eBook includes revision guide with verbal, quantitative, and analytical past papers, solved tests. Molecular Biology Questions and Answers PDF: Free download chapter 1, a book covers solved common questions and answers on chapters: Aids, bioinformatics, biological membranes and transport, biotechnology and recombinant DNA, cancer, DNA replication, recombination and repair, environmental biochemistry, free radicals and antioxidants, gene therapy, genetics, human genome project, immunology, insulin, glucose homeostasis and diabetes mellitus, metabolism of xenobiotics, overview of bioorganic and biophysical chemistry, prostaglandins and related compounds, regulation of gene expression, tools of biochemistry, transcription and translation tests for college and university revision guide. Biology Interview Questions and Answers PDF Download, free eBook’s sample covers beginner's solved questions, textbook's study notes to practice online tests. The Molecular Biology Interview Questions Chapter 1-19 PDF book includes high school question papers to review practice tests for exams. Molecular Biology Practice Tests, a textbook's revision guide with chapters' tests for NEET/MCAT/MDCAT/SAT/ACT competitive exam. Molecular Biology Questions Bank Chapter 1-19 PDF book covers problem solving exam tests from life sciences textbook and practical eBook chapter-wise as: Chapter 1: AIDS Questions Chapter 2: Bioinformatics Questions Chapter 3: Biological Membranes and Transport Questions Chapter 4: Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Questions Chapter 5: Cancer Questions Chapter 6: DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair Questions Chapter 7: Environmental Biochemistry Questions Chapter 8: Free Radicals and Antioxidants Questions Chapter 9: Gene Therapy Questions Chapter 10: Genetics Questions Chapter 11: Human Genome Project Questions Chapter 12: Immunology Questions Chapter 13: Insulin, Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Mellitus Questions Chapter 14: Metabolism of Xenobiotics Questions Chapter 15: Overview of bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Questions Chapter 16: Prostaglandins and Related Compounds Questions Chapter 17: Regulation of Gene Expression Questions Chapter 18: Tools of Biochemistry Questions Chapter 19: Transcription and Translation Questions The AIDS Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 1 interview questions and answers on Virology of HIV, abnormalities, and treatments. The Bioinformatics Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 2 interview questions and answers on History, databases, and applications of bioinformatics. The Biological Membranes and Transport Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 3 interview questions and answers on Chemical composition and transport of membranes. The Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 4 interview questions and answers on DNA in disease diagnosis and medical forensics, genetic engineering, gene transfer and cloning strategies, pharmaceutical products of DNA technology, transgenic animals, biotechnology and society. The Cancer Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 5 interview questions and answers on Molecular basis, tumor markers and cancer therapy. The DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 6 interview questions and answers on DNA and replication of DNA, recombination, damage and repair of DNA. The Environmental Biochemistry Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 7 interview questions and answers on Climate changes and pollution. The Free Radicals and Antioxidants Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 8 interview questions and answers on Types, sources and generation of free radicals. The Gene Therapy Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 9 interview questions and answers on Approaches for gene therapy. The Genetics Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 10 interview questions and answers on Basics, patterns of inheritance and genetic disorders. The Human Genome Project Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 11 interview questions and answers on Birth, mapping, approaches, applications and ethics of HGP. The Immunology Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 12 interview questions and answers on Immune system, cells and immunity in health and disease. The Insulin, Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Mellitus Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 13 interview questions and answers on Mechanism, structure, biosynthesis and mode of action. The Metabolism of Xenobiotics Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 14 interview questions and answers on Detoxification and mechanism of detoxification. The Overview of Bioorganic and Biophysical Chemistry Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 15 interview questions and answers on Isomerism, water, acids and bases, buffers, solutions, surface tension, adsorption and isotopes. The Prostaglandins and Related Compounds Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 16 interview questions and answers on Prostaglandins and derivatives, prostaglandins and derivatives. The Regulation of Gene Expression Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 17 interview questions and answers on Gene regulation-general, operons: LAC and tryptophan operons. The Tools of Biochemistry Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 18 interview questions and answers on Chromatography, electrophoresis and photometry, radioimmunoassay and hybridoma technology. The Transcription and Translation Quiz Questions PDF e-Book: Chapter 19 interview questions and answers on Genome, transcriptome and proteome, mitochondrial DNA, transcription and translation, transcription and post transcriptional modifications, translation and post translational modifications.