Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Processing And Analysis
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Bistatic SAR Data Processing Algorithms
BISTATIC SAR DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMS Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is critical for remote sensing. It works day and night, in good weather or bad. Bistatic SAR is a new kind of SAR system, where the transmitter and receiver are placed on two separate platforms. Bistatic SAR is one of the most important trends in SAR development, as the technology renders SAR more flexible and safer when used in military environments. Imaging is one of the most difficult and important aspects of bistatic SAR data processing. Although traditional SAR signal processing is fully developed, bistatic SAR has a more complex system structure, so signal processing is more challenging. Focusing on imaging aspects of bistatic SAR signal processing, this book covers resolution analysis, echo generation methods, imaging algorithms, imaging parameter estimation, and motion compensation methods. Gives a general and updated framework for image formation using signal processing aspects Starts with an introduction to traditional SAR before moving on to more advanced topics Offers readers a range of exhaustive tools to process signals and form images Provides a solid reference for the imaging of other complicated SAR MATLAB® codes are available from the book’s companion site The book is ideal for researchers and engineers in SAR signal and data processing, as well as those working in bistatic and multistatic radar imaging, and in the radar sciences. Graduate students with a background in radar who are interested in bistatic and multistatic radar will find this book a helpful reference.
Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Processing and Analysis
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operation in a bistatic configuration offers various advantages over its now well-established monostatic counterpart but also poses various challenges, among which are the inversion of the raw bistatic SAR data into imagery, the maintenance of time and phase synchronisation between the separated transmitter and receiver, the application of interferometric techniques to bistatic data, and the polarimetric calibration of field-based bistatic systems in constant motion (particularly those with airborne/spaceborne components). As part of a research programme into the potential benefits and challenges of bistatic SAR, the Ingara fully polarimetric X-band airborne imaging radar system, developed and operated by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation, was upgraded to conduct experimental SAR data collections in a bistatic geometry. Experimental trials of the new bistatic SAR system were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in which the existing airborne radar was operated in a fine-resolution (600 MHz bandwidth) circular spotlight-SAR mode, in conjunction with a newly developed fully polarimetric stationary ground-based bistatic receiver. These trials produced a set of fully polarimetric simultaneously collected monostatic and bistatic SAR data, collected over a wide range of bistatic angles, for research purposes. The work reported in this thesis is motivated by the various processing challenges presented by these data sets. Herein, image formation from raw spotlight-mode bistatic SAR data using the Polar Format Algorithm (PFA), particularly as it pertains to a circling-transmitter-stationary-receiver bistatic geometry, is discussed. The limitations of the first-order (plane-wave) phase approximation employed in deriving the PFA are examined for the case of a stationary-receiver bistatic collection geometry with co-planar transmitter, receiver and scatterers: expressions for the size of the focussed region are derived by restricting the magnitude of the second order phase term, and the complicated behaviour of the shape of this region in this bistatic case (which is not encountered in the monostatic case) is discussed. Fine-resolution imagery results from the PFA-based processing of simultaneously collected monostatic and bistatic data sets are shown, and results from the interferometric processing of single-pass simultaneously collected monostatic and bistatic SAR data with a relatively large (approx. 5°) grazing-angle difference and of repeat-pass bistatic data with a temporal delay of hours, both demonstrating interferometric coherence in the fine-resolution interferograms, are presented. Finally, the polarimetric calibration of a field-based bistatic SAR with an airborne component is addressed: minor variants of three previously published distributed-target-based polarimetric calibration algorithms are derived; the results of Monte Carlo numerical studies to compare their accuracies are discussed; a new calibration approach involving a hybrid of two of these algorithms which takes account of channel noise is proposed; the use of standard calibration targets (dihedrals, trihedrals etc.) potentially supplemented by the direct-path signal for polarimetric calibration is considered; and calibration results from the Ingara data are presented.
Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach
Author: Charles V. J. Jakowatz
language: en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date: 2012-12-06
Modern airborne and spaceborne imaging radars, known as synthetic aperture radars (SARs), are capable of producing high-quality pictures of the earth's surface while avoiding some of the shortcomings of certain other forms of remote imaging systems. Primarily, radar overcomes the nighttime limitations of optical cameras, and the cloud- cover limitations of both optical and infrared imagers. In addition, because imaging radars use a form of coherent illumination, they can be used in certain special modes such as interferometry, to produce some unique derivative image products that incoherent systems cannot. One such product is a highly accurate digital terrain elevation map (DTEM). The most recent (ca. 1980) version of imaging radar, known as spotlight-mode SAR, can produce imagery with spatial resolution that begins to approach that of remote optical imagers. For all of these reasons, synthetic aperture radar imaging is rapidly becoming a key technology in the world of modern remote sensing. Much of the basic `workings' of synthetic aperture radars is rooted in the concepts of signal processing. Starting with that premise, this book explores in depth the fundamental principles upon which the spotlight mode of SAR imaging is constructed, using almost exclusively the language, concepts, and major building blocks of signal processing. Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach is intended for a variety of audiences. Engineers and scientists working in the field of remote sensing but who do not have experience with SAR imaging will find an easy entrance into what can seem at times a very complicated subject. Experienced radar engineers will find that the book describes several modern areas of SAR processing that they might not have explored previously, e.g. interferometric SAR for change detection and terrain elevation mapping, or modern non-parametric approaches to SAR autofocus. Senior undergraduates (primarily in electrical engineering) who have had courses in digital signal and image processing, but who have had no exposure to SAR could find the book useful in a one-semester course as a reference.