Anxiety And Avoidance
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Anxiety and Avoidance
Study 1 aimed to differentiate fear and avoidance as separate predictors of treatment outcome and examine whether avoidance behavior is a stronger predictor of treatment outcome and future relapse than fear level. Participants were treatment seeking adults (N=75) who met diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (SAD) using the Anxiety Disorders Inventory Schedule-IV (ADIS). Eligible participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups to complete 12 weeks of manualized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) treatment. Fear, avoidance, and clinical severity ratings (CSR) were measured via the ADIS and participant self-report using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire at pre and post-treatment and six month follow-up. Results indicate that pre-treatment avoidance level predicted post-treatment fear level over and above pre-treatment fear level, but pre-treatment fear level did not predict post-treatment avoidance Level. Pre-treatment avoidance level significantly predicted post-treatment CSR and MASQ scores, over and above pre-treatment fear levels. Post-treatment avoidance level significantly predicted CSR and MASQ scores at six-month follow-up, over and above post-treatment fear levels. These results suggest that fear and avoidance are separate predictors of outcome, that avoidance may predict changes in fear, and avoidance may be a stronger and more stable predictor of treatment outcome and future functioning than fear level. Study 2 aimed to create a new objective and ecologically valid measure of behavioral avoidance that recreates the approach-avoidance conflict that anxious individuals face when confronted with feared stimuli that incorporates risk and reward. Participants were recruited from an undergraduate student sample based on their level of Blood Injection Injury (BII) Phobia related symptoms using the Blood Injection Symptom Scale and placed into Low and High Anxiety groups. The Behavioral Avoidance and Reward Sensitivity Task (BARST) consisted of six levels and asked participants to choose to view one of two groups of BII related images, where one set was more difficult but yielded a higher reward. Each level increased in difficulty and incentive and measured participants' willingness to approach feared stimuli in exchange for reward. The results indicated that the high and low anxiety groups differed as a function of the difficulty level and the reward incentive associated with the images. Reward incentive was also found to be a more consistent predictor of the decision to approach feared stimuli than anxiety level. The results indicate that in general, anxious individuals become more risk averse and less sensitive to reward as difficulty level increases as compared to non-anxious individuals. Also, anxious individuals vary in both their sensitivity to reward and their willingness to approach fear provoking stimuli in exchange for reward.
Attachment in Adulthood, Second Edition
Author: Mario Mikulincer
language: en
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Release Date: 2017-10-13
This volume shows how attachment theory, which initially focused on child development, is now being used to elucidate social functioning across the lifespan.
Attachment in Adulthood
Author: Mario Mikulincer
language: en
Publisher: Guilford Publications
Release Date: 2016-04-22
Synthesizing a vast body of empirical research and organizing it around a comprehensive conceptual model, this book is recognized as the definitive reference on adult attachment. The authors explain how what began as a theory of child development is now used to conceptualize and study nearly all aspects of social functioning across the lifespan, including mental representations of self and others, emotion regulation, personal goals and strivings, couple relationships, caregiving, sexuality, psychopathology, psychotherapy, and organizational behavior. The origins and measurement of individual differences in adult attachment are examined, as is the question of whether and how attachment patterns can change. New to This Edition: *Reflects major advances, including hundreds of new studies. *Clarifies and extends the authors' influential model of attachment-system functioning. *Cutting-edge content on genetics and on the neural and hormonal substrates of attachment. *Increased attention to the interplay among attachment and other behavioral systems, such as caregiving and sexuality. *Expanded discussion of attachment processes in counseling and psychotherapy. *Additional coverage of leadership, group dynamics, and religion.