An Undiplomatic Diary
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An Undiplomatic Diary
Bandholtz was America's representative to the Inter-Allied Supreme Command's Military Mission in Hungary at the end of World War I. Hungary placed a statue of General Bandholtz in front of the American embassy in Budapest; it was removed during the years following WWII and replaced after the fall of
Karolyi & Bethlen
White aster flowers, on sale on the streets of Budapest on the eve of All Souls' Day, are made the symbol of a revolution which brings Mihály Károlyi (1875-1955) to power at the head of a National Council. Károlyi concludes an armistice which leaves large areas of Hungarian territory under occupation by French, Romanian and Serbian forces. Following the King-Emperor's abdication in November 1918, Hungary is declared an independent republic with Károlyi as its President. He sets about meeting Hungary's most pressing social need, for land reform. But Károlyi's liberal regime is soon beset by strong opposition from the right and from the left. The Allies seal Károlyi's fate by refusing to end the economic blockade of Hungary and by imposing, even in advance of a peace settlement (Hungary is denied an invitation until the Conference is virtually over), even harsher armistice terms. Károlyi flinches from opposing these measures by force. The small socialist element in his government of well-meaning aristocrats defects and forms an alliance with Hungary's fledgling Communist Party. Károlyi resigns and chooses exile. The Communists, led by Bela Kun, take power. Kun raises a Red Army, which defeats a Czech invasion but fails to stem the Romanian advance, which enters Budapest in defiance of orders from Paris and engages in an orgy of pillage and destruction. The Peace Conference despatches a British diplomat, Sir George Clerk, to Budapest to broker a Romanian withdrawal. Clerk succeeds in forming a coalition government of right-wing parties, with token representation for the centre-left, which he recognises in the name of the Peace Conference and invites to send a delegation to Paris. It includes Counts István Bethlen (1874-1946) and Pál Teleki, both future prime ministers. The delegation is presented on arrival, on 6 January 1920, with the draft peace treaty for Hungary which the expert committees of the Conference have produced and which the Council has approved without amendment. The Hungarians are appalled to find that the treaty will deprive their country of two-thirds of her territory and over half of her population. The injustice of the Treaty will drive Hungary into the arms of Nazi Germany, a fatal alliance which will doom Hungary's Jews to annihilation and Hungary to defeat and destruction in the Second World War.
Memoirs of a Survivor of the Twentieth Century
This is an autobiography. Describes the life of Elemér Mihályi from early childhood, through school years, medical school and work as a doctor during the siege of Budapest and in a Russian prison camp. After this he abandoned medical practice and for the rest of his life was engaged in scientific research, first in Budapest, then in Stockholm and finally in the USA; for the last 30 years in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. The tumultuous events in Central Europe between the World Wars and after form the background of the history of his family. Romania occupied Transylvania in 1920 and an oppressive, chauvinistic regime followed. This was alleviated in the northern half when this was returned to Hungary, however after the war Romanian rule was restored for the whole province. The author escaped to Hungary, but soon Communism was slowly encroaching this country. Again he had to leave and by good luck arrived to America. Beside the historical facts all of this is illustrated by numerous anecdotal events, more than by an analytical approach. All the episodes are true, from the life of the author, given without embellishments or omissions.