The Simple Concept
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Axiomatic Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications
Author: Xiaodong Liu
language: en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date: 2009-04-07
It is well known that “fuzziness”—informationgranulesand fuzzy sets as one of its formal manifestations— is one of important characteristics of human cognitionandcomprehensionofreality. Fuzzy phenomena existinnature and are encountered quite vividly within human society. The notion of a fuzzy set has been introduced by L. A. , Zadeh in 1965 in order to formalize human concepts, in connection with the representation of human natural language and computing with words. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic are used for mod- ing imprecise modes of reasoning that play a pivotal role in the remarkable human abilities to make rational decisions in an environment a?ected by - certainty and imprecision. A growing number of applications of fuzzy sets originated from the “empirical-semantic” approach. From this perspective, we were focused on some practical interpretations of fuzzy sets rather than being oriented towards investigations of the underlying mathematical str- tures of fuzzy sets themselves. For instance, in the context of control theory where fuzzy sets have played an interesting and practically relevant function, the practical facet of fuzzy sets has been stressed quite signi?cantly. However, fuzzy sets can be sought as an abstract concept with all formal underpinnings stemming from this more formal perspective. In the context of applications, it is worth underlying that membership functions do not convey the same meaning at the operational level when being cast in various contexts.
Kant and the Systematicity of the Sciences
This book provides the first comprehensive discussion regarding the role that Kant ascribes to systematicity in the sciences. It considers not only what Kant has to say on systematicity in general, but also how the systematicity requirement for science is specified in different fields of knowledge. The chapters are divided into three thematic sections. Part I is devoted to historical context. The chapters explore precursors of Kant’s account of the systematicity of the sciences. Part II addresses the application of systematicity to the special sciences – cosmology, physics, chemistry, logic, mathematics, the life sciences, and history. Finally, Part III explores the systematicity of philosophy. Kant and the Systematicity of the Sciences will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working on Kant and the history and philosophy of science.
Summulae de Dialectica
This volume is the first annotated translation in any language of the entire text of the Summulae de dialectica, by the Parisian master of arts John Buridan (1300-1358). One of the most influential works in the history of late medieval philosophy, the Summulae is Buridan's systematic exposition of his nominalist philosophy of logic. Buridan's doctrine spread rapidly and for some two hundred years was dominant at many European universities. His work is of increasing interest today not only to historians of medieval philosophy but also to modern philosophers, several of whom find in Buridan's ideas important clues to problems of contemporary philosophy. Gyula Klima provides a substantial introduction to Buridan's life and work and discusses his place in the history of logic. Through extensive notes Klima assists philosopher and medievalist alike to read Buridan with understanding and insight. Those with a philosophical interest in the relations among the structures of language, thought, and reality will find much to ponder in the Summulae.