The History Of Alternative Test Methods In Toxicology
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The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.
Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences
There is an increasing need for knowledge of toxicology to safeguard the use of chemicals in industry and in the public and private sectors. The study of toxicology is becoming increasingly relevant in human health sciences, as future health and clinical professionals will be pivotal in addressing and managing emerging chemical threats and hazards related to modern anthropogenic activities and technological development. Comprising a series of chapters from leading toxicology, pharmacy and public health academics and experts across Europe, the United States and beyond, Toxicology for the Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences provides a concise yet comprehensive volume that can be used as a relevant textbook on toxicology for the clinical, healthcare, educational and professional sectors. Key Features: Includes cutting edge information regarding the very lastest environmental threats to public health Provides a detailed case study based on a real-world scenario that allows the reader to practice human health risk assessment Describes innovative guidance and tools to respond to chemical incidents and attacks, which enables the reader to tailor an effective protection and remediation response This book covers the fundamentals and recent developments in toxicology, to respond to local and global chemical, pharmaceutical and environmental threats. Thus, this volume has chapters specifically designed to support the understanding of the most current toxicology-related subjects for any undergraduate/postgraduate health programs as well as aid the delivery of continuing professional development training on up-to-date topics in toxicology for current practicing health professionals wishing to improve their background knowledge in toxicology. The book is also vital reading and reference for policy makers and others that influence and set regulations that have an impact on the environment and human health.
Chemical Risk Governance
Author: Adam D.K. Abelkop
language: en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date: 2023-03-20
This incisive volume of the Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law offers a broad analysis of the foundations, main concepts, and substantive and procedural requirements of selected chemical law regimes as they pertain to the environment. Featuring contributions from more than 40 expert scholars and practitioners in the field, the volume focuses on chemical regulatory systems from representative jurisdictions, including the EU and the US, to provide a coherent overview of this expansive and often fragmented area of law. Divided into five thematic parts, the volume first examines the fundamental concepts of chemical law, addressing topics including risk assessment, nomenclature, environmental justice and animal testing. Entries then discuss types of chemicals and exposures, regulation of chemicals in products and manufacturing, and waste and contamination, as well as covering liability rules as they apply to chemicals. This volume will be an essential resource for scholars and students looking for a clear understanding of chemicals regulation and governance from environmental and public health perspectives at both national and international levels. Its insights into policy developments and liability issues will also be of interest to policymakers and practitioners.