The Ca3 Region Of The Hippocampus How Is It What Is It For How Does It Do It
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The CA3 Region of the Hippocampus: How is it? What is it for? How does it do it?
Author: Enrico Cherubini
language: en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date: 2015-08-19
The CA3 hippocampal region receives information from the entorhinal cortex either directly from the perforant path or indirectly from the dentate gyrus via the mossy fibers (MFs). According to their specific targets (principal/mossy cells or interneurons), MFs terminate with large boutons or small filopodial extensions, respectively. MF-CA3 synapses are characterized by a low probability of release and pronounced frequency-dependent facilitation. In addition MF terminals are endowed with mGluRs that regulate their own release. We will describe the intrinsic membrane properties of pyramidal cells, which can sometimes fire in bursts, together with the geometry of their dendritic arborization. The single layer of pyramidal cells is quite distinct from the six-layered neocortical arrangement. The resulting aligned dendrites provides the substrate for laminated excitatory inputs. They also underlie a precise, diversity of inhibitory control which we will also describe in detail. The CA3 region has an especially rich internal connectivity, with recurrent excitatory and inhibitory loops. In recent years both in vivo and in vitro studies have allowed to better understand functional properties of the CA3 auto-associative network and its role in information processing. This circuit is implicated in encoding spatial representations and episodic memories. It generates physiological population synchronies, including gamma, theta and sharp-waves that are presumed to associate firing in selected assemblies of cells in different behavioral conditions. The CA3 region is susceptible to neurodegeneration during aging and after stresses such as infection or injury. Loss of some CA3 neurones has striking effects on mossy fiber inputs and can facilitate the generation of pathologic synchrony within the CA3 micro-circuit. The aim of this special topic is to bring together experts on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the wiring properties of the CA3 hippocampal microcircuit in both physiological and pathological conditions, synaptic plasticity, behavior and cognition.We will particularly emphasize the dual glutamatergic and GABAergic phenotype of MF-CA3 synapses at early developmental stages and the steps that regulate the integration of newly generated neurons into the adult dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit.
The Hippocampus
The hippocampus , the Greek word for seahorse, is one of the most fascinating and intriguing regions of the mammalian brain. It is a bilateral incurved seahorse-shaped structure of the cerebral cortex. The hippocampus has a highly distinctive morphology. It is composed of two regions, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the Cornu Ammonis (CA). The nerve cells of the main layer of the DG and CA regions, the granule cells and pyramidal cells respectively, are organised in a tri-synaptic lamellaire circuit. The granule and pyramidal cells are glutamatergic excitatory. The granule cells elicit unique histological, biochemical, developmental, physio- and pathological features. The hippocampus is also an area of the brain that elicits a high degree of plasticity, like synaptic and phenotypic plasticity. It is also one of the few regions of the brain where neurogenesis, the generation of new nerve cells, occurs throughout adulthood. The hippocampus is involved in physio-and pathological processes, like learning and memory.
The Human Hippocampus
Written and edited by leading international authorities in the field, this book provides an in-depth review of knowledge of human hippocampus, and role of the hippocampus in memory, cognition and learning. It includes informative chapters organized into two main groups: (1), fundamental information about the human hippocampus, including history, development, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropathology, structural and synaptic plasticity, volume, 3D visualition of the human hippocampus and etc.; and (2) role of the hippocampus in memory, cognition and learning, including role of the hippocampus in cognition, time and memory, learning and etc. There are some unique features about this book: cross-references within chapters to highlight connections between development, anatomy, physiology, pathology, and surgery, real-world examples to illustrate key points and practical applications, summaries of the latest research to keep readers informed of cutting-edge developments. Thus, this comprehensive reference book will be an ideal source for neuroscientists at all levels, from graduate students to researchers in specific disciplines studying this region including neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuroanatomists and psychiatrists who seek both basic and more advanced information regarding the human hippocampus.