Saving Five
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Egalitarianism
Some people are worse off than others. Does this fact give rise to moral concern? Egalitarianism claims that it does, for a wide array of reasons. It is one of the most important and hotly debated problems in moral and political philosophy, occupying a central place in the work of John Rawls, Thomas Nagel, G. A. Cohen and Derek Parfit. It also plays an important role in practical contexts such as the allocation of health care resources, the design of education and tax systems, and the pursuit of global justice. Egalitarianism is a superb introduction to the problem of contemporary egalitarian theories. It explains how rival theories of egalitarianism evaluate distributions of people’s well-being, and carefully assesses the theoretical structure of each theory. It also examines how egalitarian theories are applied to the distribution of health and health care, thus bringing a deceptively complex philosophical debate into clear focus. Beginning with a brief introduction to basic terminology, Iwao Hirose examines the following topics: Rawlsian egalitarianism luck egalitarianism telic egalitarianism prioritarianism sufficientarianism equality and time equality in health and health care. Including chapter summaries, annotated further reading and a glossary, this is an ideal starting point for anyone studying distributive justice for the first time, and will also be of interest to more advanced students and researchers in philosophy, economics, political theory, public policy, and public health.
The Five People You Meet in Heaven (Marathi)
वयाच्या त्र्याऐंशीव्या जन्मदिनी एक एकांडा शिलेदार एका दुःखद अपघातात मृत्युमुखी पडतो. वरून कोसळणार्या पाळण्याखाली दबून मरू शकणार्या एका छोट्या मुलीला वाचवण्याच्या प्रयत्नात त्याचा स्वतःचा मृत्यू होतो. शेवटच्या श्वासासरशी त्याच्या हातात त्याला इवलेसे हात जाणवतात. त्यानंतर त्याला कुठलीच जाणीव होत नाही. त्याला जाग येते ती मृत्युपश्चात जीवनात. स्वर्ग म्हणजे हिरवंगार, नयनरम्य नंदनवन नसून, पृथ्वीवरच्या जीवनाचा अर्थ लक्षात आणून देणारी जागा आहे हे त्याला समजतं. तिथे उपस्थित असणार्या पाच व्यक्तींकडून तसं समजावलं जातं. या व्यक्ती प्रियजन किंवा परक्याही असू शकतात, तरीसुद्धा प्रत्येक व्यक्तीमुळे नुकत्याच मृत झालेल्या त्या व्यक्तीचा जीवनमार्ग पूर्णतया बदललेला असतो..
Doing and Allowing Harm
Doing harm seems much harder to justify than merely allowing harm. If a boulder is rushing towards Bob, you may refuse to save Bob's life by driving your car into the path of the boulder if doing so would cost you your own life. You may not push the boulder towards Bob to save your own life. This principle—the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing—requires defence. Does the distinction between doing and allowing fall apart under scrutiny? When lives are at stake, how can it matter whether harm is done or allowed? Drawing on detailed analysis of the distinction between doing and allowing, Fiona Woollard argues that the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing is best understood as a principle that protects us from harmful imposition. Such protection against imposition is necessary for morality to recognize anything as genuinely belonging to a person, even that person's own body. As morality must recognize each person's body as belonging to her, the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing should be accepted. Woollard defends a moderate account of our obligations to aid, tackling arguments by Peter Singer and Peter Unger that we must give most of our money away and arguments from Robert Nozick that obligations to aid are incompatible with self-ownership.