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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Author: kniaz Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin
language: en
Publisher: BEYOND BOOKS HUB
Release Date: 2025-07-03
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Prince Peter Kropotkin is a seminal work in the intersection of evolutionary biology, sociology, and political philosophy. First published in 1902, the book challenges the prevailing Darwinian interpretation of evolution as a brutal struggle for survival by highlighting the critical role of cooperation, solidarity, and mutual support in both animal and human societies. Kropotkin begins with compelling observations of mutual aid among animals, emphasizing that cooperation often provides a greater advantage for survival than ruthless competition. He expands this argument across human development—through savage tribes, barbarian societies, medieval cities, and into modern industrial civilization—demonstrating that collaboration and voluntary association have been essential forces in societal advancement. Structured into eight chapters plus an introduction and conclusion, the book uses anthropological, historical, and zoological evidence to counter the notion that “survival of the fittest” means “survival of the most aggressive.” Instead, Kropotkin argues that those communities which practice mutual support tend to be more resilient and prosperous over time. A direct critique of Social Darwinism and the competitive capitalist ethos of the 19th century, Mutual Aid became foundational to anarchist and socialist thought, while also influencing ecology, evolutionary theory, and community ethics. This book is a profound and timely reminder of humanity’s interdependence, advocating for societies built not on domination but on cooperation and empathy.
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Author: Petr Alekseevich kniaz Kropotkin
language: en
Publisher: DigiCat
Release Date: 2022-05-28
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a book by Pyotr Kropotkin. It delves into modern liberal social theory, expanding on the theorem that says that the most practical human and animal populations are essentially cooperative, rather than competitive.
Mutual Aid
“Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution” is a 1902 collection of essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. Originally published in “The Nineteenth Century” from 1890 to 1896, the essays examine mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity in both animal and human societies. Contents include: “Mutual Aid Among Animals”, “Mutual Aid Among Animals (continued)”, “Mutual Aid Among Savages”, “Mutual Aid Among The Barbarians”, “Mutual Aid In The Mediaeval City”, “Mutual Aid In The Mediaeval City (continued)”, etc. Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (1842–1921) was a Russian writer, activist, revolutionary, economist, scientist, sociologist, essayist, historian, researcher, political scientist, geographer, geographer, biologist, philosopher and advocate of anarcho-communism. He was a prolific writer, producing a large number of pamphlets and articles, the most notable being “The Conquest of Bread and Fields, Factories and Workshops” and “Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution”. This classic work is being republished now in a new edition complete with an excerpt from “Comrade Kropotkin” by Victor Robinson.